Bentley Systems, IncorporatedNASDAQ: BSY

Bentley Systems Announces Third Quarter 2026 Results

· Issued by Bentley Systems, Incorporated via Business Wire

Summary by 6ix AI

Bentley Systems, an infrastructure engineering software company, reported total revenues of $421.5 million for the quarter ended September 30, 2026, up 12.2% year-over-year, or 12.7% at constant currency (excluding exchange-rate effects). Net income per diluted share was $0.29, compared to $0.18 a year earlier.

Key details

  • Third quarter subscriptions revenues were $386.8 million, up 12.4%. Annualized recurring revenues (ARR, the yearly value of recurring contracts) were $1,582.8 million as of September 30, 2026, compared to $1,405.2 million a year earlier, with a constant currency ARR growth rate of 13%.
  • For the third quarter, adjusted net income per diluted share (which excludes items such as amortization of purchased intangibles and stock-based compensation) was $0.36, compared to $0.27, and free cash flow was $101.4 million, compared to $110.7 million.
  • For the nine months ended September 30, 2026, total revenues were $1,256.4 million, up 13.2% year-over-year, or 12.3% at constant currency, and net income per diluted share was $0.83, compared to $0.67.
  • CFO Werner Andre said Bentley is raising its constant currency ARR growth outlook, excluding the Cohesive divestiture's impact, to 12.5-13.5%, and that revenues excluding Cohesive, AOI less Operating SBC (an adjusted operating profit measure) and free cash flow remain on track for their outlook ranges.
  • On October 13, 2026, Bentley completed the divestiture of Cohesive, an IBM Maximo-related consulting business, to Naviam in exchange for an equity interest and warrants in Naviam. On October 29, 2026, it completed the acquisition of Eliis, a seismic interpretation software company.

What’s still pending

  • The 12.5-13.5% constant currency ARR growth range and the other outlook ranges are company expectations, not results.

6ix AI wrote this summary from the release below and checked it against the release.

Bentley Systems, Incorporated (Nasdaq: BSY), the infrastructure engineering software company, today announced results for the quarter ended September 30, 2026.

Third Quarter 2026 Results

  • Total revenues were $421.5 million, up 12.2% or 12.7% on a constant currency basis, year-over-year;
  • Subscriptions revenues were $386.8 million, up 12.4% or 12.9% on a constant currency basis, year-over-year;
  • Annualized Recurring Revenues (“ARR”) were $1,582.8 million as of September 30, 2026, compared to $1,405.2 million as of September 30, 2025. Constant currency ARR growth rate was 13%;
  • Last twelve-months recurring revenues dollar-based net retention rate was 110%, compared to 109% for the same period last year;
  • Operating income margin was 29.1%, compared to 22.5% for the same period last year;
  • Adjusted operating income less operating stock-based compensation expense (“AOI less Operating SBC”) margin was 32.1%, compared to 28.1% for the same period last year;
  • Net income per diluted share was $0.29, compared to $0.18 for the same period last year;
  • Adjusted net income per diluted share (“Adjusted EPS”) was $0.36, compared to $0.27 for the same period last year;
  • Cash flows from operating activities were $109.4 million, compared to $116.4 million for the same period last year; and
  • Free cash flow was $101.4 million, compared to $110.7 million for the same period last year.

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2026 Results

  • Total revenues were $1,256.4 million, up 13.2% or 12.3% on a constant currency basis, year-over-year;
  • Subscriptions revenues were $1,157.9 million, up 13.5% or 12.7% on a constant currency basis, year-over-year;
  • Operating income margin was 26.9%, compared to 25.6% for the same period last year;
  • AOI less Operating SBC margin was 31.2%, compared to 30.7% for the same period last year;
  • Net income per diluted share was $0.83, compared to $0.67 for the same period last year;
  • Adjusted EPS was $1.09, compared to $0.94 for the same period last year;
  • Cash flows from operating activities were $374.4 million, compared to $396.9 million for the same period last year. Last twelve-months ended September 30, 2026 cash flows from operating activities were $515.9 million, compared to $478.5 million for the last twelve-months ended September 30, 2025; and
  • Free cash flow was $353.1 million, compared to $384.0 million for the same period last year. Last twelve-months ended September 30, 2026 free cash flow was $489.3 million, compared to $460.1 million for the last twelve-months ended September 30, 2025.

Executive Chair Greg Bentley said, “The progression throughout 2026 to date of BSY’s year-over-year ARR growth rate to 13%, exceeding our annual outlook range, reflects both the robustness of our focused end markets, and accounts’ confidence in our mutual trajectories for infrastructure AI. Complementing BSY’s stalwart operating execution, I am pleased that we have recently concluded two strategic capital allocation transactions: the divestment of Cohesive into our investee and successor consolidator, Naviam, and the acquisition of Eliis for seismic interpretation, further expanding Seequent’s comprehensive subsurface modeling scope and reach.”

CEO Nicholas Cumins said, “We delivered another quarter of accelerated growth, driven by strength in Resources and continued momentum in Public Works & Utilities. The engineering firms we serve are benefiting from an unprecedented level of investment in infrastructure for AI. In parallel, Bentley is uniquely positioned to unlock the potential of AI for infrastructure. At our Year in Infrastructure Awards last month, nearly 70% of our finalists leveraged AI in their projects, demonstrating how our software used at machine speed can significantly expand engineering capability to deliver better, more resilient infrastructure.”

CFO Werner Andre said, “Our strong Q3 results, expected continued momentum, and the programmatic acquisition of Eliis provide confidence in raising our constant currency ARR year‑over‑year growth range—excluding the impact from the Cohesive divestiture—to 12.5-13.5%. Revenues excluding the Cohesive divestiture, AOI less Operating SBC and free cash flow remain on track to deliver within their respective outlook ranges. With net debt leverage of 1.7 times and our revolving credit facility, we have ample financial flexibility to fund programmatic acquisitions, return capital through dividends and opportunistic share repurchases, and repay our 2027 convertible notes at maturity.”

Recent Developments

  • On October 13, 2026, we completed the divestiture of Cohesive—a business that provides IBM Maximo‑related implementation and consulting services and operated separately from our infrastructure engineering software offerings—by contributing it to Naviam, a leading IBM Maximo partner. In exchange, we received an equity interest in Naviam and warrants to acquire additional equity interests therein; and
  • On October 29, 2026, we completed the acquisition of Eliis, a seismic interpretation software company. The acquisition is expected to complement our Seequent subsurface portfolio.

Call Details

Bentley Systems will host a live Zoom video webinar on November 5, 2026 at 8:15 a.m. EST to discuss results for its third quarter ended September 30, 2026.

Those wishing to participate should access the live Zoom video webinar of the event through a direct registration link at https://bentley-com.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_T9StoRzJTMSMNGnMCu6j3Q#/registration. Alternatively, the event can be accessed from the Events & Presentations page on Bentley Systems’ Investor Relations website at https://investors.bentley.com. In addition, a replay and transcript will be available after the conclusion of the live event on Bentley Systems’ Investor Relations website for one year.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

In this press release, we sometimes refer to financial measures that are not presented in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). Certain of these measures are considered non‑GAAP financial measures under the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) regulations. Those rules require the supplemental explanations and reconciliations that are in Bentley Systems’ Form 8‑K (Quarterly Earnings Release) furnished to the SEC.

We use AOI less Operating SBC as our primary performance measure because we believe it better reflects our core operating results by excluding items that are not indicative of the ordinary operation of our business, including costs arising directly from our acquisition activity and the costs of discrete realignment initiatives. Consistent with that objective, we refined the measure during 2026: beginning in the first quarter of 2026, we expanded our acquisition expenses adjustment to include cash- and equity‑settled retention incentives provided to key employees of acquired companies, and renamed the measure from Adjusted operating income less stock-based compensation expense (“AOI less SBC”) to “AOI less Operating SBC”; and beginning in the second quarter of 2026, applying the same principle, we began adjusting for integration costs incurred to integrate acquired businesses into our operations. We continue to adjust for discrete realignment initiatives, and we do not adjust for severance or organizational and workforce changes undertaken in the ordinary course of managing our business, which remain reflected in AOI less Operating SBC. Prior period amounts have been revised to conform to the current definition; no integration costs were incurred in periods prior to the second quarter of 2026.

Forward-Looking Statements

This press release includes forward-looking statements regarding the future results of operations and financial condition, business strategy, and plans and objectives for future operations of Bentley Systems, Incorporated (the “Company,” “we,” “us,” and words of similar import). All such statements contained in this press release, other than statements of historical facts, are forward-looking statements. The words “believe,” “may,” “will,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “expect,” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations, projections, and assumptions about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy, short-term and long-term business operations and objectives, and financial needs. These forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties and assumptions, and there are a significant number of factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from statements made in this press release including: adverse changes in global economic and/or political conditions; the impact of tariffs and related policies on our business and the businesses of the industries we serve; the impact of current and future sanctions, embargoes and other similar laws at the state and/or federal level that impose restrictions on our counterparties or upon our ability to operate our business within the subject jurisdictions; political, economic, regulatory and public health and safety risks and uncertainties in the countries and regions in which we operate; failure to retain personnel necessary for the operation of our business or those that we acquire; failure to effectively manage succession; changes in the industries in which our accounts operate; the competitive environment in which we operate; the quality of our products; our ability to develop and market new products to address our accounts’ rapidly changing technological needs; the impact of artificial intelligence and related technologies on our business and strategy and those of the industries we serve; changes in capital markets and our ability to access financing on terms satisfactory to us or at all; the impact of changing or uncertain interest rates on us and on the industries we serve; our ability to integrate acquired businesses successfully; and our ability to identify and consummate future investments and/or acquisitions on terms satisfactory to us or at all.

Further information on potential factors that could affect the financial results of the Company are included in the Company’s Form 10‑K and subsequent Form 10‑Qs, which are on file with the SEC. The Company disclaims any obligation to update the forward-looking statements provided to reflect events that occur or circumstances that exist after the date on which they were made.

About Bentley Systems

Around the world, infrastructure professionals rely on software from Bentley Systems to help them design, build, and operate better and more resilient infrastructure for transportation, water, energy, cities, and more. Founded in 1984 by engineers for engineers, Bentley is the partner of choice for engineering firms and owner-operators worldwide, with software that spans engineering disciplines, industry sectors, and all phases of the infrastructure lifecycle. Through our digital twin solutions, we help infrastructure professionals unlock the value of their data to transform project delivery and asset performance.

© 2026 Bentley Systems, Incorporated. Bentley Systems, the Bentley logo, Eliis, and Seequent are either registered or unregistered trademarks or service marks of Bentley Systems, Incorporated or one of its direct or indirect wholly owned subsidiaries. All other brands and product names are trademarks of their respective owners.

BENTLEY SYSTEMS, INCORPORATED

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(in thousands)

(unaudited)

September 30, 2026

December 31, 2025

Assets

Current assets:

Cash and cash equivalents

$

150,874

$

123,278

Accounts receivable

324,129

350,299

Allowance for credit losses

(9,932

)

(7,609

)

Prepaid income taxes

23,818

19,805

Prepaid and other current assets

68,576

53,260

Assets held for sale

62,052

—

Total current assets

619,517

539,033

Property and equipment, net

45,378

36,031

Operating lease right-of-use assets

37,455

31,141

Intangible assets, net

158,333

193,018

Goodwill

2,441,893

2,482,154

Investments

42,265

27,920

Deferred income taxes

144,218

170,368

Other assets

80,152

75,502

Total assets

$

3,569,211

$

3,555,167

Liabilities and Equity

Current liabilities:

Accounts payable

$

20,606

$

26,952

Accruals and other current liabilities

167,253

173,255

Cloud Services Subscription deposits

480,907

463,312

Deferred revenues

237,886

278,244

Operating lease liabilities

11,485

13,669

Income taxes payable

10,862

4,778

Current portion of long-term debt

13,750

—

Liabilities held for sale

17,073

—

Total current liabilities

959,822

960,210

Long-term debt

1,148,496

1,248,912

Deferred compensation plan liabilities

111,985

106,831

Long-term operating lease liabilities

33,004

22,150

Deferred revenues

19,235

18,410

Deferred income taxes

4,312

4,368

Other liabilities

9,242

4,794

Total liabilities

2,286,096

2,365,675

Equity:

Common stock

3,018

3,024

Additional paid-in capital

1,376,352

1,301,205

Accumulated other comprehensive loss

(88,175

)

(74,558

)

Accumulated deficit

(8,128

)

(40,258

)

Total Bentley Systems stockholders’ equity

1,283,067

1,189,413

Noncontrolling interest

48

79

Total equity

1,283,115

1,189,492

Total liabilities and equity

$

3,569,211

$

3,555,167

BENTLEY SYSTEMS, INCORPORATED

Consolidated Statements of Operations

(in thousands, except share and per share data)

(unaudited)

Three Months Ended

Nine Months Ended

September 30,

September 30,

2026

2025

2026

2025

Revenues:

Subscriptions

$

386,819

$

344,293

$

1,157,938

$

1,020,063

Perpetual licenses

12,631

10,913

31,395

31,898

Subscriptions and licenses

399,450

355,206

1,189,333

1,051,961

Services

22,057

20,343

67,082

58,236

Total revenues

421,507

375,549

1,256,415

1,110,197

Cost of revenues:

Cost of subscriptions and licenses

52,004

53,824

159,129

148,080

Cost of services

19,952

18,371

60,588

58,550

Total cost of revenues

71,956

72,195

219,717

206,630

Gross profit

349,551

303,354

1,036,698

903,567

Operating expense (income):

Research and development

81,469

78,751

246,565

226,586

Selling and marketing

76,591

72,107

232,733

205,039

General and administrative

61,502

53,818

185,227

150,903

Deferred compensation plan

(786

)

6,033

9,801

12,371

Amortization of purchased intangibles

8,152

8,148

24,881

24,557

Total operating expenses

226,928

218,857

699,207

619,456

Income from operations

122,623

84,497

337,491

284,111

Interest expense, net

(9,851

)

(2,727

)

(27,154

)

(10,054

)

Other income, net

2,763

1,937

18,824

790

Income before income taxes

115,535

83,707

329,161

274,847

Provision for income taxes

(25,500

)

(26,256

)

(65,264

)

(55,620

)

Equity in net losses of investees, net of tax

(38

)

(162

)

(36

)

(100

)

Net income

89,997

57,289

263,861

219,127

Less: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest

64

(84

)

(31

)

(96

)

Net income attributable to Bentley Systems

$

89,933

$

57,373

$

263,892

$

219,223

Net income per share attributable to Bentley Systems stockholders:

Basic

$

0.29

$

0.18

$

0.85

$

0.70

Diluted

$

0.29

$

0.18

$

0.83

$

0.67

Weighted average shares:

Basic

310,474,561

314,626,191

311,671,484

314,826,779

Diluted

317,691,424

333,277,478

319,549,126

333,214,695

BENTLEY SYSTEMS, INCORPORATED

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(in thousands)

(unaudited)

Nine Months Ended

September 30,

2026

2025

Cash flows from operating activities:

Net income

$

263,861

$

219,127

Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:

Depreciation and amortization

46,399

50,125

Deferred income taxes

27,244

23,339

Stock-based compensation expense

64,800

55,037

Deferred compensation plan

9,801

12,371

Amortization of deferred debt issuance costs

3,266

5,682

Change in fair value of derivative

(4,752

)

9,293

Foreign currency remeasurement (gain) loss

(47

)

1,194

Other

(11,381

)

(1,154

)

Changes in assets and liabilities, net of effect from acquisitions:

Accounts receivable

3,326

40,813

Prepaid and other assets

(7,330

)

2,128

Accounts payable, accruals, and other liabilities

(18,241

)

(36,984

)

Cloud Services Subscription deposits

23,586

42,359

Deferred revenues

(28,109

)

(24,369

)

Income taxes payable, net of prepaid income taxes

1,932

(2,085

)

Net cash provided by operating activities

374,355

396,876

Cash flows from investing activities:

Purchases of property and equipment and investment in capitalized software

(21,260

)

(12,836

)

Other

(367

)

(938

)

Net cash used in investing activities

(21,627

)

(13,774

)

Cash flows from financing activities:

Proceeds from credit facility

1,220,439

258,750

Repayments of credit facility

(1,180,186

)

(394,065

)

Proceeds from term loan

550,000

—

Repayments of convertible senior notes

(677,830

)

(9,797

)

Payments of dividends

(63,574

)

(63,756

)

Proceeds from stock purchases under employee stock purchase plan

11,759

11,534

Payments for shares acquired including shares withheld for taxes

(33,148

)

(28,382

)

Repurchases of Class B common stock under approved program

(135,081

)

(65,029

)

Other

(1,394

)

(462

)

Net cash used in financing activities

(309,015

)

(291,207

)

Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents

(3,653

)

9,507

Increase in cash and cash equivalents

40,060

101,402

Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period

123,278

64,009

Cash and cash equivalents, end of period, including cash classified within Assets held for sale

163,338

165,411

Less: Reclassification of cash to Assets held for sale

12,464

—

Cash and cash equivalents, end of period

$

150,874

$

165,411

BENTLEY SYSTEMS, INCORPORATED

Reconciliation of GAAP to Non-GAAP Financial Measures

(in thousands, except share and per share data)

(unaudited)

Reconciliation of operating income to AOI less Operating SBC and to Adjusted operating income:

Three Months Ended

Nine Months Ended

September 30,

September 30,

2026

2025

2026

2025

Operating income

$

122,623

$

84,497

$

337,491

$

284,111

Amortization of purchased intangibles

9,789

11,339

33,400

34,188

Deferred compensation plan

(786

)

6,033

9,801

12,371

Acquisition expenses(1)

3,830

3,720

9,923

9,996

Integration costs(2)

—

—

1,800

—

Realignment expenses (income)

—

—

—

—

AOI less Operating SBC

135,456

105,589

392,415

340,666

Operating stock-based compensation expense

19,581

16,310

59,349

49,300

Adjusted operating income

$

155,037

$

121,899

$

451,764

$

389,966

(1)

Beginning in the first quarter of 2026, we expanded our acquisition expenses adjustment to include cash- and equity‑settled retention incentives provided to key employees of acquired companies, and renamed the measure from AOI less SBC to AOI less Operating SBC. Prior period amounts have been revised to conform to the current definition. Refer to the section titled “Non‑GAAP Financial Measures” for details.

(2)

Beginning in the second quarter of 2026, applying the same principle, we began adjusting for integration costs incurred to integrate acquired businesses into our operations. We continue to adjust for discrete realignment initiatives, and we do not adjust for severance or organizational and workforce changes undertaken in the ordinary course of managing our business, which remain reflected in AOI less Operating SBC. No integration costs were incurred in periods prior to the second quarter of 2026. Refer to the section titled “Non‑GAAP Financial Measures” for details.

Reconciliation of net income attributable to Bentley Systems to Adjusted net income:

Three Months Ended

Nine Months Ended

September 30,

September 30,

2026

2025

2026

2025

$

EPS(1)

$

EPS(1)

$

EPS(1)

$

EPS(1)

Net income attributable to Bentley Systems

$

89,933

$

0.29

$

57,373

$

0.18

$

263,892

$

0.83

$

219,223

$

0.67

Non-GAAP adjustments, prior to income taxes:

Amortization of purchased intangibles

9,789

0.03

11,339

0.03

33,400

0.10

34,188

0.10

Operating stock-based compensation expense

19,581

0.06

16,310

0.05

59,349

0.19

49,300

0.15

Deferred compensation plan

(786

)

—

6,033

0.02

9,801

0.03

12,371

0.04

Acquisition expenses(3)

3,830

0.01

3,720

0.01

9,923

0.03

9,996

0.03

Integration costs(4)

—

—

—

—

1,800

0.01

—

—

Realignment expenses (income)

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

Other income, net

(2,763

)

(0.01

)

(1,937

)

(0.01

)

(18,824

)

(0.06

)

(790

)

—

Total non-GAAP adjustments, prior to income taxes

29,651

0.09

35,465

0.11

95,449

0.30

105,065

0.32

Income tax effect of non-GAAP adjustments

(5,682

)

(0.02

)

(4,842

)

(0.01

)

(13,221

)

(0.04

)

(16,175

)

(0.05

)

Equity in net losses of investees, net of tax

38

—

162

—

36

—

100

—

Adjusted net income(2)

$

113,940

$

0.36

$

88,158

$

0.27

$

346,156

$

1.09

$

308,213

$

0.94

Adjusted diluted weighted average shares

317,691,424

333,277,478

319,549,126

333,214,695

(1)

Adjusted EPS was computed independently for each reconciling item presented; therefore, the sum of Adjusted EPS for each line item may not equal total Adjusted EPS due to rounding.

(2)

Adjusted EPS numerator includes $874 and $1,721 for the three months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively, and $2,756 and $5,005 for the nine months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively, related to interest expense, net of tax, attributable to the convertible senior notes using the if‑converted method.

(3)

See footnote (1) to the reconciliation of operating income to AOI less Operating SBC and to Adjusted operating income presented above.

(4)

See footnote (2) to the reconciliation of operating income to AOI less Operating SBC and to Adjusted operating income presented above.

Reconciliation of cash flows from operating activities to free cash flow:

Three Months Ended

Nine Months Ended

Last Twelve-Months Ended

September 30,

September 30,

September 30,

2026

2025

2026

2025

2026

2025

Cash flows from operating activities

$

109,434

$

116,376

$

374,355

$

396,876

$

515,943

$

478,508

Purchases of property and equipment and investment in capitalized software

(7,994

)

(5,701

)

(21,260

)

(12,836

)

(26,679

)

(18,383

)

Free cash flow

$

101,440

$

110,675

$

353,095

$

384,040

$

489,264

$

460,125

Reconciliation of cash flows from operating activities to Adjusted EBITDA:

Three Months Ended

Nine Months Ended

September 30,

September 30,

2026

2025

2026

2025

Cash flows from operating activities

$

109,434

$

116,376

$

374,355

$

396,876

Cash interest

10,111

2,520

25,429

5,844

Cash taxes

8,061

4,320

36,253

34,027

Cash deferred compensation plan distributions

—

—

4,289

3,766

Cash acquisition expenses

4,868

4,902

5,628

9,354

Cash integration costs

1,513

—

1,513

—

Changes in operating assets and liabilities

28,467

3,512

24,760

(37,039

)

Other(1)

(1,559

)

(1,908

)

(4,610

)

(5,646

)

Adjusted EBITDA

$

160,895

$

129,722

$

467,617

$

407,182

(1)

Includes receipts related to interest rate swap.

Reconciliation of total revenues and subscriptions revenues to total revenues and subscriptions revenues in constant currency:

Three Months Ended September 30, 2026

Three Months Ended September 30, 2025

Actual

Impact of Foreign Exchange at 2025 Rates

Constant Currency

Actual

Impact of Foreign Exchange at 2025 Rates

Constant Currency

Total revenues

$

421,507

$

105

$

421,612

$

375,549

$

(1,546

)

$

374,003

Subscriptions revenues

$

386,819

$

17

$

386,836

$

344,293

$

(1,522

)

$

342,771

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2026

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025

Actual

Impact of Foreign Exchange at 2025 Rates

Constant Currency

Actual

Impact of Foreign Exchange at 2025 Rates

Constant Currency

Total revenues

$

1,256,415

$

(11,078

)

$

1,245,337

$

1,110,197

$

(1,296

)

$

1,108,901

Subscriptions revenues

$

1,157,938

$

(9,974

)

$

1,147,964

$

1,020,063

$

(1,280

)

$

1,018,783

Explanation of Non-GAAP and Other Financial Measures

Constant currency

Constant currency and constant currency growth rates are non-GAAP financial measures that present our results of operations excluding the estimated effects of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations. A significant amount of our operations is conducted in foreign currencies. As a result, the comparability of the financial results reported in U.S. dollars is affected by changes in foreign currency exchange rates. We use constant currency and constant currency growth rates to evaluate the underlying performance of the business, and we believe it is helpful for investors to present operating results on a comparable basis period over period to evaluate its underlying performance.

In reporting period‑over‑period results, except for ARR as discussed further below, we calculate the effects of foreign currency fluctuations and constant currency information by translating current and prior period results on a transactional basis to our reporting currency using prior period average foreign currency exchange rates in which the transactions occurred.

Recurring revenues

Recurring revenues are the basis for our other revenue-related key business metrics. We believe this measure is useful in evaluating our ability to consistently retain and grow our revenues from accounts with revenues in the prior period (“existing accounts”).

Recurring revenues are subscriptions revenues that recur monthly, quarterly, or annually with specific or automatic renewal clauses and professional services revenues in which the underlying contract is based on a fixed fee and contains automatic annual renewal provisions.

Annualized recurring revenues (“ARR”)

ARR is a key business metric that we believe is useful in evaluating the scale and growth of our business as well as to assist in the evaluation of underlying trends in our business. Furthermore, we believe ARR, considered in connection with our last twelve‑months recurring revenues dollar‑based net retention rate, is a leading indicator of revenue growth.

ARR is defined as the sum of the annualized value of our portfolio of contracts that produce recurring revenues as of the last day of the reporting period, and the annualized value of the last three months of recognized revenues for our contractually recurring consumption‑based software subscriptions with consumption measurement durations of less than one year, calculated using the spot foreign currency exchange rates. We believe that the last three months of recognized revenues, on an annualized basis, for our recurring software subscriptions with consumption measurement period durations of less than one year is a reasonable estimate of the annual revenues, given our consistently high retention rate and stability of usage under such subscriptions.

Constant currency ARR growth rate is the growth rate of ARR measured on a constant currency basis. In reporting period‑over‑period ARR growth rates in constant currency, we calculate constant currency growth rates by translating current and prior period ARR on a transactional basis to our reporting currency using current year budget exchange rates. Constant currency ARR growth rate from business performance excludes the ARR onboarding of our platform acquisitions and includes the impact from the ARR onboarding of programmatic acquisitions, which generally are immaterial, individually and in the aggregate. We believe these ARR growth rates are important metrics indicating the scale and growth of our business.

Last twelve‑months recurring revenues dollar‑based net retention rate

Last twelve‑months recurring revenues dollar‑based net retention rate is a key business metric that we believe is useful in evaluating our ability to consistently retain and grow our recurring revenues.

Last twelve‑months recurring revenues dollar‑based net retention rate is calculated, using the average exchange rates for the prior period, as follows: the recurring revenues for the current period, including any growth or reductions from existing accounts, but excluding recurring revenues from any new accounts added during the current period, divided by the total recurring revenues from all accounts during the prior period. A period is defined as any trailing twelve months. Related to our platform acquisitions, recurring revenues into new accounts will be captured as existing accounts starting with the second anniversary of the acquisition when such data conforms to the calculation methodology. This may cause variability in the comparison.

Adjusted operating income less operating stock-based compensation expense (“AOI less Operating SBC”)

AOI less Operating SBC is a non-GAAP financial measure and is used to measure the operational strength and performance of our business, as well as to assist in the evaluation of underlying trends in our business.

AOI less Operating SBC is defined as operating income adjusted for the following: amortization of purchased intangibles, expense (income) relating to deferred compensation plan liabilities, acquisition expenses (inclusive of cash- and equity-settled retention incentives provided to key employees of acquired companies), integration costs, and realignment expenses (income), for the respective periods.

AOI less Operating SBC is our primary performance measure, which excludes certain expenses and charges, including cash- and equity-settled retention incentives provided to key employees of acquired companies, as we believe these may not be indicative of the Company’s core business operating results. We intentionally include operating stock-based compensation expense (non‑cash stock‑based compensation expense less equity‑settled retention incentives provided to key employees of acquired companies) in this measure as we believe it better captures the economic costs of our business.

Management uses this non-GAAP financial measure to understand and compare operating results across accounting periods, for internal budgeting and forecasting purposes, to evaluate financial performance, and in our comparison of our financial results to those of other companies. It is also a significant performance measure in certain of our executive incentive compensation programs.

AOI less Operating SBC margin is calculated by dividing AOI less Operating SBC by total revenues.

Adjusted operating income (“AOI”)

Adjusted operating income is a non-GAAP financial measure that we believe is useful to investors in making comparisons to other companies, although this measure may not be directly comparable to similar measures used by other companies.

Adjusted operating income is defined as operating income adjusted for the following: amortization of purchased intangibles, expense (income) relating to deferred compensation plan liabilities, acquisition expenses (inclusive of cash- and equity-settled retention incentives provided to key employees of acquired companies), integration costs, realignment expenses (income), and operating stock‑based compensation expense (non‑cash stock‑based compensation expense less equity‑settled retention incentives provided to key employees of acquired companies), for the respective periods.

Adjusted net income and Adjusted EPS

Adjusted net income and Adjusted EPS are non-GAAP financial measures presenting the earnings generated by our ongoing operations that we believe is useful to investors in making meaningful comparisons to other companies, although these measures may not be directly comparable to similar measures used by other companies, and period-over-period comparisons.

Adjusted net income is defined as net income attributable to Bentley Systems adjusted for the following: amortization of purchased intangibles, operating stock‑based compensation expense (non‑cash stock‑based compensation expense less equity‑settled retention incentives provided to key employees of acquired companies), expense (income) relating to deferred compensation plan liabilities, acquisition expenses (inclusive of cash- and equity-settled retention incentives provided to key employees of acquired companies), integration costs, realignment expenses (income), other non‑operating (income) expense, net, the tax effect of the above adjustments to net income, and equity in net (income) losses of investees, net of tax, for the respective periods. The income tax effect of non‑GAAP adjustments was determined using the applicable rates in the taxing jurisdictions in which income or expense occurred, and represent both current and deferred income tax expense or benefit based on the nature of the non‑GAAP adjustments, including the tax effects of non‑cash operating stock‑based compensation expense.

Adjusted EPS is calculated as Adjusted net income, less net income attributable to Bentley Systems allocated to participating securities, plus interest expense, net of tax, attributable to the convertible senior notes using the if‑converted method, if applicable, (numerator) divided by Adjusted diluted weighted average shares (denominator). Adjusted diluted weighted average shares is calculated by adding incremental shares related to the dilutive effect of convertible senior notes using the if‑converted method, if applicable, to diluted weighted average shares.

Free cash flow

Free cash flow is a non-GAAP financial measure and our primary liquidity measure that we believe provides a meaningful measure of liquidity and a useful basis for assessing our ability to service our debt obligations, make strategic acquisitions and investments, and return capital to investors through dividends and stock repurchases. Additionally, we believe free cash flow is useful to investors as a basis for comparing our results with other companies in our industries, although our measure of free cash flow may not be directly comparable to similar measures used by other companies. Free cash flow has certain limitations, including that it does not represent the residual cash flow available for discretionary expenditures since other non-discretionary payments, such as mandatory debt repayments, are not deducted from the measure.

Free cash flow is defined as cash flows from operating activities less purchases of property and equipment and investment in capitalized software.

Last twelve-months free cash flow is defined as free cash flow for the trailing twelve-month period.

Adjusted EBITDA

Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure that we believe provides a meaningful measure of liquidity and a useful basis for assessing our ability to repay debt, make strategic acquisitions and investments, and return capital to investors.

Adjusted EBITDA is defined as cash flows from operating activities adjusted for the following: cash interest, cash taxes, cash deferred compensation plan distributions, cash acquisition expenses, cash integration costs, cash realignment costs, changes in operating assets and liabilities, and other cash items (such as those related to our interest rate swap). From time to time, we may exclude from Adjusted EBITDA the impact of certain cash receipts or payments that affect period-to-period comparability.

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