Slide 1: Hafnium: Cleaner power and transport
Hafnium Cleaner power and transport Faster, more energy efficient next gen devices
Slide 2: What is hafnium?
What is hafnium? • A shiny, silvery metal that resists corrosion and can be drawn into wires. • Discovered in 1923 by George Charles de Hevesy and Dirk Coster • The name is derived from the Latin name for Copenhagen, 'Hafnia' Source: http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/72/hafnium • In its natu
Slide 3: Properties of hafnium
Properties of hafnium Melting point: 2233°C, 4051°F, 2506 K Boiling Point: 46000C Density (g cm−3) : 13.3 Key isotopes: 177Hf, 178Hf, 180Hf Electron configuration: [Xe] 4f145d26s2 • High thermal neutron absorption cross section (~600 times zirconia) • High stability & strength at high temperatures i
Slide 4: Hafnium traded as
Hafnium traded as Hafnium Hafnium metal in Hafnium oxide tetrachloride ‘crystal form’ (HfO2) (HfCl4) Source: Source: Alkane Dubbo Project Source: http://www.periodictable.com/Items/072.5/index.html http://onyxmet.com/?route=product/product&produ ct_id=795 © 2017 Alkane Resources Ltd
Slide 5: Zirconium Industry: hafnium source
Zirconium Industry: hafnium source Zircon Demand by End Use (2016 ~ 1.1 million tonnes) 1% of metal Other 3% Foundry 12% Ceramics 47% Chemicals 21% Refractory • China dominates downstream 17% zirconium industry (Supply 75+%) • Global market US$2-3B • Zirconium metal 5-6,000 tpa • 2017 producer zirco
Slide 6: Hafnium supply - linked to nuclear industry
Hafnium supply - linked to nuclear industry Zr feed Zr:Hf 50:1 1,000t : 20t HfO2 17t Hf metal Source: http://www.areva.com/EN/operations-913/jarrie-production-of-zirconium-sponge.html • Most of the world’s hafnium metal has been produced as a by-product of the nuclear industry – making global supply
Slide 7: Current global demand
Current global demand 2016 Hafnium demand Estimated 67 tonnes 2t 2t Major markets 4.7t (global output by weight): Superalloy (60%) 7.4t Plasma cutting tips (15%) Nuclear control rod (11%) 40.2t Catalyst precursor (7%) 10.1t Semiconductors (3%) Oxide for Optical (3%) Source: Roskill ASM Internal Repo
Slide 8: Hafnium Applications - Current: Industrial gas turbines
Hafnium Applications - Current Industrial gas turbines (IGT) Market sustained growth: • 18,800 gas turbine engines for power generation in 2014-2028 • 1-2% Hf NiCo alloys - High strength and stability at high temperatures • Dominated by GE, Siemens, Mitsubishi- Hitachi Power Systems and Solar Turbin
Slide 9: Hafnium Applications - Current: Aerospace jet engine
Hafnium Applications - Current Aerospace – Jet engine Passenger / military aircraft growth 100+% - next five years Hafnium is used in the MAR M 247 superalloy in the hot part of jet engines (turbine blades and vanes). 1%-2% Hf in NiCo alloys increases operating temperature from 1,400oC to 2,000o
Slide 10: Hafnium Applications - Current: Rocket engine nozzle
Hafnium Applications - Current Rocket engine nozzle ‘cone’ Emerging application requiring significant quantities of hafnium SpaceX Falcon9 Reusable rocket Merlin 1D engines • Niobium alloy C103 (89-90Nb, 9-10Hf, 1Ti) • Superior fabrication and mechanical properties up to http://www.spacex.com/news/2
Slide 11: Hafnium Applications - Current: Thermoelectric, plasma cutting
Hafnium Applications - Current • Thermoelectric power generation – converts heat to electricity Cooling – refrigeration???? Plasma cutting inserts • Operate at high temperatures • Hafnium is ideal as highest metal melting point in periodic table and conducts electricity © 2017 Alkane Resources Ltd
Slide 12: Hafnium Applications - Current: Plastics manufacture
Hafnium Applications - Current • Thermoelectric power generation – converts heat to electricity Plastics manufacture Cooling – refrigeration???? • Hafnium catalysts used in production of organic chemicals and pharmaceuticals. • Largest market is thermoplastics • More-efficient, less expensive cataly
Slide 13: Hafnium Applications - Current: Nuclear plants
Hafnium Applications - Current 449 Operating nuclear plants 60 Undergoing construction 170 Planned in China by 2050 • Hafnium is an excellent neutron absorber used in nuclear control rods to regulate the power in a reactor. • Corrosion resistant in hot water © 2017 Alkane Resources Ltd
Slide 14: Hafnium Applications – next gen memory
Hafnium Applications – next gen memory Permanent Memory Ferroelectric micro-processing using HfO2 • Ultra-fast, low-power, non-volatile successor to flash memory • HfO2 already used in electronics and compatible with silicon fabrication techniques • k-gate chips, films, ferroelectric tunnel junction
Slide 15: Hafnium: The ideal memory material
Hafnium: The ideal memory material Source: ferroelectric-memory.com
Slide 16: Hafnium Applications - future: Thermoelectric power generation
Hafnium Applications - future Thermoelectric power generation converts waste heat into electricity • Using blends of hafnium and zirconium works better at temps up to 5000C compared to bismuth telluride up to 2500C and contains expensive telluride • Application for refrigeration and cooling • Highly
Slide 17: Hafnium Applications - thermoelectric: Automobiles
Hafnium Applications - thermoelectric Thermoelectric power generation - Automobiles • More than 67% of fuel energy is wasted during the burning cycle as heat. • GM, BMW, Ford, Renault and Honda have all demonstrated their interest in thermoelectric generators to run ancillary systems. An artist’s re
Slide 18: Hafnium Applications - Future: Radiative cooling
Hafnium Applications - Future Radiative cooling Replacement of air conditioning • 15% of all energy use is air conditioning • Stanford developed new ultra- thin multi-layered HfO2 & SiO2 material reflects 97% sunlight • Coating sucks heat from sun- drenched building and radiates it into outerspace t
Slide 19: Hafnium Applications - Future: Prostate cancer treatment
Hafnium Applications - Future Prostate cancer treatment • 1 in 7 men are diagnosed with prostate cancer • Second leading cause of cancer death in US • HfO2 nanoparticles in radiation oncology to destroy cancer cells is being trialled Source: http://labiotech.eu/nanobiotix-prostate-drug-fda-approval-
Slide 20: Historical hafnium pricing
Historical hafnium pricing Hafnium Pricing (2009 – 2017) ( ) 2,250 2,000 1,750 1,500 1,250 1,000 750 500 Time © 2017 Alkane Resources Ltd © 2016 Alkane Resources Ltd
Slide 21: Current world supply
Current world supply 2016 Hafnium supply • By-product from zirconium metal purification Estimated 70 tonnes <1t – Depends on nuclear industry <1t 2t 2t • Prices escalating through demand by aerospace 10t Areva industries 2014 into 2015 ATI Wah Chang • 3 western companies Revert - Recycled Westinghou
Slide 22: Where will supply come from?
Where will supply come from? Current applications/markets to 2026: 152 tpa • Existing producers + expanded Russia/China supply – not sufficient to meet base-case demand growth • Australian Strategic Materials (Alkane Resources Ltd subsidiary) Dubbo Project the only supply option not tied to Zr/nucle
Slide 23: Dubbo Project
Dubbo Project • 400km northwest of Sydney • 25km from Dubbo city (pop~45,000) • Dubbo infrastructure – roads, rail, power, gas, light engineering, people • Large polymetallic resource - zirconium, hafnium, niobium (tantalum), yttrium and rare earths • 35 year reserve mine life at 1 million tonne/yea
Slide 24: Dubbo Project – Current Status
Dubbo Project – Current Status • Pilot Plant at ANSTO has demonstrated the flow sheet with products for market evaluation over 8 years • All State & Federal environment approvals • Front End Engineering Design (FEED) study confirmed robust technical & financial DFS • Outotec Finnish technology & eng
Slide 25: Separation Process
Separation Process © 2017 Alkane Resources Ltd © 2016 Alkane Resources Ltd
Slide 26: Modular Design
Modular Design Construction 2017 - 2019 Estimated cost US$480M --------------------- Construction 2022 - 2023 Estimated cost US$360M --------------------- Estimated total Cost US$840M © 2017 Alkane Resources Ltd © 2016 Alkane Resources Ltd
Slide 27: DP Process Plant
Product Output 6,664 tpa Rare earth chemical concentrate 95% REO (REO units) DP Process Plant 16,374 tpa Zirconium as ZBC (carbonate) & zirconia 99% ZrO2 (ZrO2 units) 50 tpa Hafnium as HfO2 concentrate HfO2 conc * (Hf units) 1,967 tpa Niobium as ferro-niobium 65% Nb (Nb units) Total output approxima
Slide 28: Diversified products – lowers risks
Diversified products – lowers risks Dubbo Project - product revenue split Niobium 17% Magnet metals: Praseodymium, Neodymium, Dysprosium, Terbium, Samarium 25% Hafnium 10% Other rare earths, including yttrium 5% Zirconium 42% *Stage 1 revenue US$200 - 220M Opex US$120 – 130M *estimates subject to co
Slide 29: Heading goes here
Heading goes here Ian Chalmers Managing Director ichalmers@alkane.com.au www.alkane.com.au
Slide 30: Disclaimer
Disclaimer This presentation contains certain forward looking statements and forecasts, including possible or assumed reserves and resources, production levels and rates, costs, prices, future performance or potential growth of Alkane Resources Ltd, industry growth or other trend projections. Such s
Slide 31: Dubbo Project Resources & Reserves
Dubbo Project Resources & Reserves Dubbo Project – Mineral Resources Toongi Tonnage ZrO2 HfO2 Nb2O5 Ta2O5 Y2O3 REO Deposit (Mt) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) Measured 35.70 1.96 0.04 0.46 0.03 0.14 0.75 Inferred 37.50 1.96 0.04 0.46 0.03 0.14 0.75 Total 73.20 1.96 0.04 0.46 0.03 0.14 0.75 These Mineral Re