Phoslock Environmental Technologies Limited · ASX:PET
Phoslock Environmental Technologies — Technical Presentation (March 2008)
55 slides from Phoslock Environmental Technologies's technical presentation, Mar 15, 2008
Slide 1: Multiple Barriers – the role of Phosphorus & Eutrophication Control in Water Bodies
Multiple Barriers – the role of Phosphorus & Eutrophication Control in Water Bodies Dr David Garman Chairman Phoslock Limited Executive Director Environmental Biotechnology CRC Pty Ltd President International Water Association 15/3/2008
Slide 2: 15/3/2008
15/3/2008
Slide 3: IWA - The Premier Global Network for Water Professionals
(million) IWA - The Premier 世界 Global 12000 Network for Water 10000 Professionals • 7,000+ members in over 120 countries 8000 • Professions: Science & research, 6000 utilities, consultants, regulators, manufacturers 4000 • Scope –> All aspects of water management -> water and wastewater 2000 • “Lead
Slide 4: Water Availability Per Capita 1950
Water Availability Per Capita 1950 15/3/2008
Slide 5: Water Availability Per Capita 2010
Water Availability Per Capita 2010 15/3/2008
Slide 6: Water Availability Per Capita 2025
Water Availability Per Capita 2025 15/3/2008
Slide 7: Total reactive nitrogen and coastal eutrophication
200 Period of explosive increase Total reactive N of coastal eutrophication Teragrams of nitrogen 150 Industrially fixed 100 Phosphorus levels (mainly fertilizer) are comparable 50 N-fixing crops Fossil fuel combustion 0 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 15/3/2008 (Boesch 2002)
Slide 8: A “Rearranged” Population
A “Rearranged” Population 15/3/2008
Slide 9: World Cities exceeding 5 million residents, 1950
World Cities exceeding 1950 5 million residents Development of World Cities Data source: U.N. 15/3/2008 Population Division
Slide 10: World Cities exceeding 5 million residents, 2015
World Cities exceeding 2015 5 million residents Data source: U.N. 15/3/2008 Population Division
Slide 11: Urban Portion of World’s Population
Urban Portion of World’s 60% Population 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 1950 1990 2030 15/3/2008
Slide 12: Recognition of the Impacts of Climate Change
Recognition of the Impacts of Climate Change 15/3/2008
Slide 13: Great Natural Disasters 1950–2005
Great Natural Disasters 1950–2005 Number 16 Earthquake/tsunami, volcanic eruption 14 Storm Flood 12 Temperature extremes (i.e. heat waves, cold waves, forest fires) 10 8 6 4 2 0 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 © 2006 NatCatSERVICE, Geo Risks Research, Munich Re 15/3/2008
Slide 14: Convergence of Forces: Population, Urbanization, Climate Change and Regulatory Requirements
Convergence of Forces: Population, Urbanization, Climate Change and Regulatory Requirements 15/3/2008
Slide 15: Emergent Themes
Emergent Themes • Do more with less – new conventional sources are not likely • Need to manage both sets of extremes • Even those that are wet (underwater) are facing seasonal water shortages • Expect the unexpected • Seek security through diversity 15/3/2008
Slide 16: 15/3/2008
15/3/2008
Slide 17: New sources - implications for water
New sources - implications for water • Re-analysis of the fundamentals of supply: – micronutrients in new water supply sources can lead to increased biofilm growth & treatment costs, – pathogen risk increases esp. non-culturable organisms, – energy & pumping costs particularly with membranes – disin
Slide 18: Quality issues for water
Quality issues for water • Toxic chemical control ✔✔ – Organics – Heavy metals • Eutrophication ✔ – Nitrogen – NH3- NOX – Phosphorus • Biodiversity – optimum trophic status • Sustainability - variability 15/3/2008
Slide 19: Water source quality control
Water source quality control • Multiple barriers – from source to tap • Critical factors for waterbodies – Source protection – Water quality control – Ecological protection – Diversity maintenance/protection Phoslock provides for the first time a management tool to assist in achieving these goals 15
Slide 20: Other pressures
Other pressures • Speed for compliance • Compliance • Risk management • Operating costs (Opex) • Investment (Capex) • Non-compliance penalties 15/3/2008
Slide 21: Catchment controls
Catchment controls Implementation • Environmentally sound with public support • Typically 4+ years to implement • Expensive but early control is effective • Full impact only after 10 to 40 years • Variability in environmental conditions requires expensive monitoring programs – Uncertainty in outcome
Slide 22: Phosphorus as limiting nutrient
Phosphorus as limiting nutrient Hypothesis: Any micronutrient may become the limiting nutrient Limitations associated of other micronutrient controls: – N – leads to N fixing organisms – Metals – disrupts local ecology 15/3/2008
Slide 23: Implications of making P the limiting nutrient
Implications of making P the limiting nutrient • Changes algal populations • Reduces total productivity • Alters trophic status • Reduces microbial regrowth & survival • Reduces biofilm growth – in distribution systems – as epiphytes/seagrass populations – in natural systems reduces bacterial regrow
Slide 24: Biofilms as hazards
Biofilms as hazards • Bacteria grow in biofilms as flocs or slimes – Cyanobacteria are a large visible indicator of this • The slimes contain mixtures of bacteria including pathogens as well as viruses • The growth and re-growth of bacteria are potential hazards in eutrophic (nutrient rich) water •
Slide 25: Barriers for nutrient control
Barriers for nutrient control • Biological treatment eg WTPs EBNPR • Only really suitable for point sources • Chemical dosing • Not suitable for very low levels & natural waterways • Remobilised under some conditions • Al & Fe - pH & sludge & sediment problems • Denitrification – N removal is expens
Slide 26: Diffuse source control
Diffuse source control • Dredging • Expensive, disruptive may not remove sediment source – poses new disposal problems? • Wetlands • Short term unless nutrients harvested – remobilised nutrients • Buffer zones • Similar Single to wetlands biggest limiting factors are time and impact assessment 15/3/
Slide 27: Phoslock aims to establish P as the limiting nutrient
Phoslock aims to establish P as the limiting nutrient for eutrophication management in a permanent sustainable way 15/3/2008
Slide 28: Why invent Phoslock?
Why invent Phoslock? • Limitations of alternative chemicals – Al & Fe based have significant risks & lower effectiveness • Removal of critical nutrient essential – Algicides - existing chemical or biological are unsustainable have risky ecological impacts – Internal recycling is critical source of n
Slide 29: Phoslock properties
Phoslock properties • Forms a very low solubility complex with Phosphorus Ks <10 -23 • Typical low equilibrium values ~ 0.005 mg P/L • Surplus of Phoslock – other values can be selected • Not releasedremoves Effectively by bacteria or wide P from the range aquatic of water conditions environment 15/
Slide 30: Eutrophication – a natural degeneration process
Eutrophication – a natural degeneration process involving nutrients accelerated by human activities 5 Trophic 4 Hypertrophic status 3 Eutrophic 2 Mesotrophic 1 Oligotrophic Time 15/3/2008
Slide 31: Eutrophication a change in ecological status
Eutrophication a change in ecological status 5 Blue green scums Trophic 4 status 3 Filamentous/large greens; epiphytes 2 Green algae 1 Diatoms/small green algae Time 15/3/2008
Slide 32: Trophic status reduction in days
Trophic status reduction in days 5 Natural/background 4 Catchment managemen Point source control Trophic 3 status High Medium 2 Phoslock Low 1 Tim 15/3/2008 e
Slide 33: Phoslock – eutrophication reset
Phoslock – eutrophication reset • Rapid reduction in FRP – typically hours or days – TP takes longer- but is equally effective • Enables assessment of control measures • Provides management with time for option assessment • Selection of trophic status depending on end use objectives 15/3/2008
Slide 34: Application of Phoslock
Application of Phoslock • Open Water Bodies - as slurry with applicator mixing - aerial application of pellets Settles as stable deposit on sediments Industrial - for filter uses – in high concentration P 100 g Phoslock removes 1 to 1.5g P 15/3/2008
Slide 35: How does Phoslock work?
How does Phoslock work? • P is adsorbed onto the clay as it falls through the water • The P binds to the modified (La) clay, forming an almost insoluble complex • The clay settles to the sediments as a very thin layer – 1 to 3 mm • Release of P from the sediments is adsorbed by any free Phoslock cap
Slide 36: Phoslock performance
Phoslock performance • Operates over a wide pH range ~ 4 to 11 without changing pH • Rapid phosphorus uptake (FRP) - > 90% less than 4 hours • Binds phosphorus under anoxic conditions • Phoslock is stable under natural conditions • Low toxicity • Low sludge volume – less than 3mm of sediment • Conti
Slide 37: Phoslock™ trial - Canning River
Phoslock™ trial - Canning River 15/3/2008
Slide 38: Phoslock is environmentally safe
Phoslock is environmentally safe • Phoslock has been the subject of extensive ecotoxicity and other testing • Recent tests in NZ on algae, juvenile fish (rainbow trout) and water fleas (crustacea). • Repeated in Australia & Germany with negative impact results. • Risk assessment lodged with Australi
Slide 39: Human health safety
Human health safety • La used for serum phosphorus reduction in patients with chronic kidney disease • Doses equivalent >10,000L water day at max Phoslock dosing • Clay & La removed in water treatment • Phoslock settles & remains in storages Risk of adverse impacts on human health extremely low 15/3
Slide 40: ‘Do Nothing Risk’
‘Do Nothing Risk’ • Algal blooms • Toxins, ecology disruption with BGA • Epiphyte impact on macrophytes • DO stress with pH changes • Ecology disruption • Shift from oligotrophic to eutrophic & exotic species • Microbial risk • Biofilm increases – pathogen risk increases • Corrosion & biodeposition
Slide 41: Applications Data
Phoslock applications - examples of outcomes APPLICATIONS DATA 15/3/2008
Slide 42: Applications
Applications • Over 120 major applications worldwide • Many minor applications • Range of applications from 330 ha lake to 1ha • Depth from 3m to 60m • P concentrations from 50 ugP/L to >850ug/L • Period of monitoring about 3 years 15/3/2008
Slide 43: Examples to be presented
Examples to be presented • Highly eutrophic urban river – Torrens River SA • L Emu - Urban Lake Western Australia • Off line water reservoir Marulan NSW • Low trophic status DWR – Deep Creek reservoir • Productive deep recreational lake - L Okaraka NZ • Europe – recreational & high value waters 15/3
Slide 44: Torrens River Adelaide City Centre
Weir Morphett St Bridge Torrens River Adelaide City Centre Elder Park Frome Rd Bridge KW St Bridge Uni Footbridge 15/3/2008
Slide 45: Torrens River
Torrens River • Consistent BG algal blooms – Odour, unsightly – Largely uncontrolled catchment – Highly enriched sediments – Algicides, aeration failed • Impacts – Restricted recreation – Tourism adversely impacted • Result – re-application(1 year) following rapid restoration of WQ 15/3/2008
Slide 46: Marulan water storage – pumped off river storage
Marulan water storage – pumped off river storage 15/3/2008
Slide 47: Marulan Application
Marulan Application(4000m2 ) • blue green algae in water supply • assessed as health risk • rapid correction required Result – effective short & longer term BG control TP – 0.9mgP/L; FRP – 0.05mgP/L; 500gPhoslock/m2 15/3/2008
Slide 48: Lake Emu WA
WATER SOLUTIONS PHOS lo} 5, | 5 o 37h ¥_31550:24.632S0115253104 10). clov
Slide 49: Lake Emu
Lake Emu • High levels of BG algae in urban water feature • Trials successful – full scale application proceeding 15/3/2008
Slide 50: Lake Okareka NZ
PHOSLEGK WATER SOLUTIONS Lake Okareka NZ
Slide 51: Lake Okareka NZ North Island 330ha
Lake Okareka NZ North Island 330ha 170 ha treated 15/3/2008
Slide 52: Lake Okareka
Lake Okareka • The treated area approx 170 hectares of the 330 hectare total area, • Deeper basin approximately within the 20 m contour. • Phoslock in the form of small pellets applied at a rate of 118 kg/ha (sediment control) • 20 tonnes applied with each annual treatment. • Monitoring over 2+y – f
Slide 53: Applications
Applications • Range of conditions have been successfully treated over a wide range of water body sizes • The residual capacity of Phoslock to deal with new inflows is well established • No adverse health or environmental issues have been observed. 15/3/2008
Slide 54: Application potential in Canada
Application potential in Canada • Ecological reset – open water bodies • Catchment control re-assessment • Sediment capping • Inflow treatment – wetlands & stormwater traps • Drinking water reservoirs 15/3/2008
Slide 55: Conclusions
Conclusions • Phoslock offers first rapid, cost effective way of dealing with eutrophication of large natural water bodies • It enables other control measures to be more effective and their impact to be assessed more rapidly • It is a stable very low impact material which assists with re- establishm
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