VITAFOAM NIGERIA PLC
UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED AND SEPARATE INTERIM FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE 6 MONTHS ENDED MARCH 31, 2025
In compliance with Rule 17.15 Disclosure of Dealings in Issuers' Shares, Rulebook of The Exchange 2015 (Issuers' Rule), Vitafoam Nigeria Plc maintains a Security Trading Policy (Policy) which guides Directors, Audit Committee members, employees and all individuals categorized as insiders in relation to their dealings in the Company's shares. The Policy undergoes periodic review by the Board and is updated accordingly. The Company has made specific inquiries of all its directors and other insiders and is not aware of any infringement of the Policy during the period.
FREE FLOAT CALCULATION FOR VITAFOAM NIGERIA PLC
Shareholding Structure and Free Float Status
Company Name: Vitafoam Nigeria Plc
Board Listed: Main Board
Period End: March 31st 2025
Reporting Period: March 31st 2025 Share Price at end of reporting period N37.65
Description | 31/03/2024 | 31/03/2025 | ||
Unit | Percentage | Unit | Percentage | |
Issued Share Capital | 1,250,844,064 | 100% | 1,250,844,064 | 100% |
Substantial Shareholdings (5% and above) | ||||
Bolarinde Samuel Olaniyi | 150,427,902 | 12.03 | 150,427,902 | 12.03 |
Awhua Resources Limited | 98,281,981 | 7.86 | 98,281,981 | 7.86 |
Neemtree Limited | 125,334,977 | 10.02 | 125,334,977 | 10.02 |
Total Substantial Shareholdings | 374,044,860 | 29.90% | 374,044,860 | 29.90% |
Directors' Shareholdings (direct and indirect), excluding directors with substantial interests | ||||
Mr. Zakari M. Sada | 87,280 | 0.01 | 237,280 | 0.02 |
Mr. Taiwo Adeniyi | 1,364,000 | 0.11 | 1,364,000 | 0.11 |
Mr. Bamidele S. Owoade | 320,000 | 0.03 | 320,000 | 0.03 |
Mr. Joseph Alegbesogie | 726,820 | 0.06 | 976,820 | 0.08 |
Mr. Dahiru Gambo | 46,132 | - | 147,744 | 0.01 |
Mr.Olaoluwa Ogunfeyitimi | 379,627 | 0.03 | 414,627 | 0.03 |
Mr. Ademola Bolarinde | NA | NA | 100,000 | 0.07 |
Mr. Achike Charles Umunna | 140,000 | 0.01 | 140,000 | 0.01 |
Mr. Abdul Akhor Bello | 171,860 | 0.01 | 171,860 | 0.01 |
Mrs. Abiola O. Davies | 0 | - | 0 | 0.00 |
Mr. Gerson Silva | 0 | - | 0 | 0.00 |
Total Directors Shareholdings | 3,235,719 | 0.26% | 3,872,331 | 0.37% |
Other Substantial Shareholdings | ||||
Sanctus Nigeria Limited | 46,434,231 | 3.71% | 46,434,231 | 3.71% |
Total other Substantial Shareholdings | 46,434,231 | 3.71% | 46,434,231 | 3.71% |
Free Float in Units and Percentage | 827,129,254 | 66.13% | 826,492,642 | 66.02% |
Free Float in Value | 18,182,838,124.00 | |||
Declaration: | ||||
Vitafoam Nigeria Plc with a free float value of N18,182,978,326 (66.02%) as at 31st March 2025 is compliant with the Nigerian Exchange Limited's free float requirements for companies listed on the Main Board.
Lekan Sanni
Company Secretary/Legal Adviser FRC/2013/NBA/00000005309
Content Vitafoam Nigeria PlcUnaudited Consolidated and separate interim financial statements for the 6 Months ended March 31, 2025
Index PageStatement of Profit or Loss and other Comprehensive Income 2
Statement of Financial Position 3
Consolidated and Separate Statement of Changes in Equity 4 - 5
Statement of Cash Flows 6
Significant Accounting Policies 7 - 18
Notes to the Unaudited Consolidated and Separate Interim Financial Statements 19 - 24
1
Vitafoam Nigeria PlcUnaudited Consolidated and Separate Interim Financial Statements for the 6 Months ended March 31, 2025
Statement of Profit or Loss and other Comprehensive Income Group Company6 Months to | 6 Months to | 3 Months to | 3 Months to | 6 months to | 6 months to | 3 Months to | 3 Months to | ||
31-Mar-25 | 31-Mar-24 | 31-Mar-25 | 31-Mar-24 | 31-Mar-25 | 31-Mar-24 | 31-Mar-25 | 31-Mar-24 | ||
Notes | N'000 | N'000 | N'000 | N'000 | N'000 | N'000 | N'000 | N'000 | |
Revenue 3 | 56,711,410 | 41,292,917 | 30,121,565 | 23,927,196 | 50,050,583 | 37,530,160 | 24,710,070 | 20,193,557 | |
Cost of Sales 4 | (37,656,796) | (27,182,551) | (19,795,268) | (16,532,139) | (34,221,127) | (25,423,556) | (16,007,938) | (13,874,528) | |
Gross profit | 19,054,614 | 14,110,366 | 10,326,297 | 7,395,057 | 15,829,456 | 12,106,604 | 8,702,132 | 6,319,029 | |
Other gains and losses 8 | 604,998 | 299,604 | 525,507 | 414,130 | 796,834 | 502,009 | 560,447 | 360,811 | |
Administrative expenses 5 | (5,163,253) | (16,742,883) | (2,804,518) | (13,415,977) | (3,897,002) | (15,796,190) | (2,133,255) | (12,852,347) | |
Distribution expenses 6 | (2,138,729) | (1,502,520) | (1,045,315) | (863,717) | (1,921,817) | (1,391,883) | (938,643) | (790,157) | |
Operating Profit/{loss) | 12,357,630 | (3,835,433) | 7,001,971 | (6,470,507) | 10,807,471 | (4,579,460) | 6,190,681 | (6,962,664) | |
Finance income | 138,506 | 805,260 | 69,307 | 318,350 | 138,340 | 805,171 | 69,199 | 318,296 | |
Finance cost 7 | (2,611,574) | (2,055,220) | (1,444,101) | (1,057,292) | (2,573,014) | (2,041,939) | (1,409,940) | (1,049,609) | |
Profit/(loss) before taxation | 9,884,562 | (5,085,393) | 5,627,177 | (7,209,449) | 8,372,797 | (5,816,228) | 4,849,940 | (7,693,977) | |
Taxation | (3,182,834) | (496,580) | (1,746,667) | (246,343) | (2,679,295) | (220,546) | (1,516,752) | (101,449) | |
Profit/(loss) for the period | 6,701,728 | (5,581,973) | 3,880,510 | (7,455,792) | 5,693,502 | (6,036,774) | 3,333,188 | (7,795,426) | |
Exchange difference on translating foreign operations | (258,015) | 47,178 | (1,311,469) | 51 | - | - | - | - | |
Gain/(loss) on valuation of investment in equity instruments designated at FVTOCI | 1,372 | 10,475 | (746) | 10,475 | 1,372 | 10,475 | - | - | |
Other comprehensive income | (256,643) | 57,653 | (1,312,215) | 10,526 | 1,372 | 10,475 | - | - | |
Total comprehensive income for the period | 6,445,085 | (5,524,320) | 2,568,295 | (7,445,266) | 5,694,874 | (6,026,299) | 3,333,188 | (7,795,426) | |
Profit/(loss) attributable to : | |||||||||
Equity holders of the parent | 6,273,508 | (5,849,311) | 3,675,961 | (7,590,241) | 5,694,874 | (6,036,774) | 3,333,188 | (7,795,426) | |
Non-controlling interests | 428,220 | 267,338 | 204,549 | 134,449 | - | - | - | - | |
6,701,728 | (5,581,973) | 3,880,510 | (7,455,792) | 5,694,874 | (6,036,774) | 3,333,188 | (7,795,426) | ||
Earnings per share for profit from total operations attributable to equity holders of parent Basic and diluted | 501.54 k | (467.63)k | 293.88 k | (606.81)k | 455.28 k | (481.78)k | 266.48 k | (623.21)k |
2
vitatoam Nigeria Plc
Unaudited Consolidated and separate interim financial statements for the 6 Months ended March 31, 2025
Statement of Financial Position as at
Group | Company | ||||||
31st March | 30th September 2024 | 31 st March | 30th September 2024 | ||||
Note(s) | 2025 N'000 | N'000 | 2025 N'000 | N'000 | |||
Assets | |||||||
Non-Current Assets | |||||||
Property, planI and equip menI | 9 | 15.912. 238 | 15,937,112 | 11 723,517 | 11,766, 459 | ||
In tangible assets | 112,629 | 124,654 | 39,928 | 46,554 | |||
In veslment property | 1,611,515 | 1,647,654 | |||||
Innes tmenls in subsidiaries | 1,708,521 | 1,708,521 | |||||
In vestmenI in financial assets | 10 | 18.822 | 17,4 50 | 18.822 | 17 4 TO | ||
Fi nance ie ase receiv ables | 60,038 | 86.352 | 60 038 | 86 352 | |||
R ighI o( use assets | 180 320 | 483,892 | 160,320 | 183,8 92 | |||
16,284,047 | 16,3a9,46 0 | 15,342,661 | 15,456,882 | ||||
Current Assets | |||||||
In ven torie s | 11 | 28.6 263 | 20,543. 078 | 24,251,903 | 16,256, 299 | ||
Other assets | 19 | 8128,869 | 3,255,85 8 | 7,13 1,605 | 2,276,97 9 | ||
Trade and other receiv ables | 12 | 3,054,170 | 4,089,713 | 4,3 24, 448 | 6,442,365 | ||
Cash and bank balances | 15 | 3,302,915 | 7,110,133 | 2,202,040 | 5,474,936 | ||
43,113,717 | 34,998,782 | 37,909,996 | 30,éâ0,57g | ||||
59,397,7 64 | 51,348,242 | 53,252,657 | 45,907,461 | ||||
Equity and Liabilities | |||||||
Equity | |||||||
Share capital | 625,422 | 625,422 | 625,422 | ||||
Reserves | 8,87 1,013 | 8,52 7,530 | 8.526,15 6 | ||||
Accumulated profit | 19 0M.08 9 | 14, 073,967 | 16,853, 409 | 12.473,293 | |||
2g,273 88 0 | 23,570 4 02 | ?6 006,361 | 21,6 24 873 | ||||
Non-controlling interest | 1,543,722 | y4 59,381 | |||||
29,817, 602 | 25,0 29,783 | 26,006,36 i | 21.624,873 | ||||
Liabilities | |||||||
Non-Current Liabilities | |||||||
Borrowings | 17 | 3,619,064 | 3,513,145 | 2,400,113 | 3,484.148 | ||
Retir emenI benefiI obligation | 1,002.243 | 89>z6s | 662.8 31 | 895.765 | |||
Le ase liabilities | 130,139 | 208.610 | 130.13 9 | 208,610 | |||
Deferred income | 390,126 | 390, 126 | |||||
Deferred tax | 261,286 | 199,213 | 992,837 | 992,83 7 | |||
5,402,860 | 4,816,733 | 4,776,046 | 5,581,360 | ||||
Current Liabilities | |||||||
Current tax payable | 18 | 3, 236,676 | 912,180 | 2,711,156 | 7,510 | ||
Trade and other payables | 14 | 9.574,228 | 10.114,593 | 8,392,6 97 | 8,243,982 | ||
Borrowings | 17 | 41,3G6, 397 | 10.474 953 | 11,366,397 | 10,449,736 | ||
24,17 7,3 01 | 21,501,726 | 22,470,250 | 10,701,228 | ||||
Total Liabilities | 29,580,161 | 26,318,459 | 27,246, 296 | 24,282,588 | |||
T otal Equity and Liabilitie s | 59,397,7 64 | 51,348,242 | 53,252,657 | 45,907,461 | |||
The unaudited consolidated and separate interim financial statements and the notes on pages 2 to 24, were approved by the board on 30 April, 2025 and were
signed on its alf by
Group Managing Director/CEO C ief Financial Officer
Taiwo Adeniyi Julius Familoye, FCA
FRC/2015/IOND/00000010639 FRC/2025//PRO/ICAN/001/395185
The accounling policie s on pages 7 to 18 and the notes on pages 19 to 24 form an integral part of lhe unaudite d consolidated and separate interim financial statemen ts.
Unaudited Consolidated and Separate Interim Financial Statements for the 6 Months ended March 31, 2025
Consolidated and Separate Statement of Changes in EquityShare capital | Foreign | Other reserve | Revaluation | Fair value | Retained | Total | Non-controlling | Total equity | |
currency | reserve | adjustment | earnings | attributable to | interest | ||||
translation | assets- | equity holders | |||||||
reserve | available-for- | of the group / | |||||||
sale reserve | company | ||||||||
N'000 | N'000 | N'000 | N'000 | N'000 | N'000 | N'000 | N'000 | N'000 | |
Group | |||||||||
Balance at 01 October 2023 | 625,422 | (173,581) | 393,018 | - | (30,628) | 15,430,279 | 16,244,510 | 1,161,568 | 17,406,078 |
Profit/(loss) for the 6 months | (5,849,311) | (5,849,311) | 267,338 | (5,581,97 | |||||
Other comprehensive income | - | 47,178 | - | - | 10,475 | - | 57,653 | - | 57,653 |
Total comprehensive income for the period | - | 47,178 | - | - | 10,475 | (5,849,311) | (5,791,658) | 267,338 | (5,524,320) |
Dividends paid | - | - | - | - | - | (1,951,318) | (1,951,318) | (294,673) | (2,245,991) |
Balance at 31 March 2024 | 625,422 | (126,403) | 393,018 | - | (20,153) | 7,629,650 | 8,501,534 | 1,134,233 | 9,635,767 |
Balance at 01 October 2023 | 625,422 | (173,581) | 393,018 | - | (30,628) | 15,430,279 | 16,244,510 | 1,161,568 | 17,406,078 |
Profit for the year | - | - | - | - | - | 359,704 | 359,704 | 592,486 | 952,190 |
Other comprehensive income | - | 612,836 | - | 8,063,548 | 5,820 | 183,433 | 8,865,637 | - | 8,865,637 |
Total comprehensive profit for the year | - | 612,836 | - | 8,063,548 | 5,820 | 543,137 | 9,225,341 | 592,486 | 9,817,827 |
- | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
Statute barred unclaimed dividend income | - | - | - | - | - | 51,869 | 51,869 | - | 51,869 |
Dividends | - | - | - | - | - | (1,951,318) | (1,951,318) | (294,673) | (2,245,991) |
Balance at 30 September, 2024 | 625,422 | 439,255 | 393,018 | 8,063,548 | (24,808) | 14,073,967 | 23,570,402 | 1,459,381 | 25,029,783 |
Profit for 6 months | - | - | - | - | - | 6,273,508 | 6,273,508 | 428,220 | 6,701,728 |
Other comprehensive income | - | (258,015) | - | - | 1,372 | - | (256,643) | - | (256,643) |
Total comprehensive income for the | - | (258,015) | - | - | 1,372 | 6,273,508 | 6,016,865 | 428,220 | 6,445,085 |
period | |||||||||
Dividends | - | - | - | - | - | (1,313,386) | (1,313,386) | (343,879) | (1,657,265) |
Balance at 31 March 2025 | 625,422 | 181,240 | 393,018 | 8,063,548 | (23,436) | 19,034,089 | 28,273,881 | 1,543,722 | 29,817,603 |
Unaudited Consolidated and separate interim financial statements for the 6 Months ended March 31, 2025
Consolidated and Separate Statement of Changes in EquityShare capital Foreign currency
translation reserve
Revaluation reserve Fair value adjustment
assets-available-for-sale reserve
Retained income Total equity
N'000 N'000 N'000 N'000 N'000 N'000
Company
625,422 | 487,418 | - | (30,628) | 15,095,820 | 16,178,032 | |
(6,036,774) | (6,036,774) | |||||
10,475 | 10,475 | |||||
- | - | - | - | (1,951,318) | (1,951,318) | |
625,422 | 487,418 | - | (20,153) | 7,107,728 | 8,200,415 | |
625,422 | 487,418 | - | (30,628) | 15,095,820 | 16,178,032 | |
- | - | - | (906,511) | (906,511) | ||
- | - | 8,063,548 | 5,820 | 183,433 | 8,252,801 | |
- | - | 8,063,548 | 5,820 | (723,078) | 7,346,290 | |
- | - | - | - | 51,869 | 51,869 | |
- | - | - | - | (1,951,318) | (1,951,318) |
Balance at 01 October 2023
Loss for the 6 months
Other comprehensive income Dividens paid
Balance at 31 March 2024
Balance at 01 October 2023
Loss for the year
Other comprehensive income
Total comprehensive income for the yearStatute barred unclaimed dividend income Dividends
Balance at 30 September, 2024 | 625,422 | 487,418 | 8,063,548 | (24,808) | 12,473,293 | 21,624,873 | |
Profit for the 6 months | - | - | - | - | 5,693,502 | 5,693,502 | |
Other comprehensive income | - | - | - | 1,372 | - | 1,372 | |
Total comprehensive income for the | - | - | - | 1,372 | 5,693,502 | 5,694,874 | |
period | |||||||
Dividends | - | - | - | - | (1,313,386) | (1,313,386) | |
Balance at 31 March 2025 | 625,422 | 487,418 | 8,063,548 | (23,436) | 16,853,409 | 26,006,361 |
The accounting policies on pages 7 to 18 and the notes on pages 19 to 24 form an integral part of the unaudited consolidated and separate interim financial statements.
Statement of Cash FlowsGroup Company
March 31, 2025 March 31, 2024 March 31, 2025 March 31, 2024
Note(s) | N'000 | N'000 | N'000 | N'000 | ||
Cash flows from operating activities | ||||||
Profit/(loss) before taxation | 9,884,562 | (5,085,393) | 8,372,797 | (5,816,228) | ||
Adjustments for: | ||||||
Depreciation and amortisation | 538,675 | 553,957 | 274,085 | 302,177 | ||
Profit on sale of assets | (9,881) | - | (9,881) | - | ||
Translation adjustment on PPE | 95,498 | (389,387) | - | - | ||
Finance income | (138,506) | (805,260) | (138,340) | (805,171) | ||
Finance cost | 2,611,574 | 2,005,220 | 2,573,014 | 2,041,939 | ||
Movement in Deferred Tax | 62,075 | (255,129) | - | - | ||
Effects of exchange rate movement on cash balance | (7,022) | - | (7,022) | - | ||
Service cost | 98,034 | 198,959 | 98,034 | 87,341 | ||
Gain/Loss on exchange difference translation | (258,015) | 47,178 | - | - | ||
Changes in working capital: | ||||||
Inventories | (8,084,685) | 2,190,632 | (7,995,604) | 2,018,958 | ||
Trade and other receivables | 1,035,543 | (1,014,011) | 2,117,917 | (2,028,976) | ||
Other assets | (4,873,011) | (923,100) | (4,854,626) | (602,255) | ||
Trade and other payables | (691,880) | 5,696,398 | (117,861) | 5,547,420 | ||
Deferred income | 390,126 | - | 390,126 | - | ||
Benefit paid | (66,138) | (23,233) | (66,138) | (23,233) | ||
586,949 | 2,246,831 | 636,501 | 721,972 | |||
Tax paid | (858,341) | (2,624,600) | - | (2,204,805) | ||
Net cash from operating activities | (271,392) | (377,766) | 636,501 | (1,482,833) | ||
Cash flows from investing activities | ||||||
Purchase of property, plant and equipment | 9 | (593,700) | (162,815) | (184,805) | (79,623) | |
Proceeds from sale of property, plant and equipment | 9 | 9,881 | - | 9,881 | - | |
- | - | - | - | |||
Finance receipt | 26,315 | 28,009 | 26,315 | 28,009 | ||
Finance lease payment | - | (57,474) | - | (57,474) | ||
Interest received | 138,506 | 805,260 | 138,340 | 805,171 | ||
Net cash from investing activities | (418,998) | 612,980 | (10,269) | 696,083 | ||
Cash flows from financing activities | ||||||
Share premium adjustment | 16 | - | - | - | - | |
Proceeds from borrowings | 6,014,737 | - | 4,850,000 | - | ||
Repayment of borrowings | (5,017,374) | (2,666,490) | (5,017,374) | (2,627,324) | ||
Finance lease payments | (91,253) | - | (91,253) | - | ||
Government grant received | - | 99,244 | - | - | ||
Dividends paid | (1,657,265) | (2,245,991) | (1,313,386) | (1,951,318) | ||
Interest paid | (2,372,695) | (1,882,965) | (2,334,137) | (1,869,685) | ||
Net cash from financing activities | (3,123,850) | (6,696,202) | (3,906,150) | (6,448,327) | ||
Net cash and cash equivalent for the period | (3,814,240) | (6,460,988) | (3,279,918) | (7,235,077) | ||
Cash at the beginning of the period | 7,110,133 | 21,833,668 | 5,474,936 | 21,166,458 | ||
Effect of exchange rate movement on cash balances | 7,022 | - | 7,022 | - | ||
Cash and cash equivalent at the end of the period | 15 | 3,302,915 | 15,372,680 | 2,202,040 | 13,931,381 | |
The accounting policies on pages 7 to 18 and the notes on pages 19 to 24 form an integral part of the unaudited consolidated and separate interim financial statements.
-
General Information
The consolidated and separate interim financial statements incorporate the financial statements of Vitafoam Nigeria Plc. and entities controlled by Vitafoam Nigeria Plc. (its subsidiaries), collectively called "the Group" made up to the end of each quarter of the year. The ultimate controlling party of the Group is the parent , Vitafoam Nigeria Plc.
Stand alone financial statements for Vitafoam Nigeria (the Company) have also been presented. The same accounting policies are used by both the Group and Company.
The consolidated and separate interim financial statements were authorised for issue by the Board of Directors on 30 April, 2025
-
Basis of Preparation and Adoption of IFRS
The consolidated and separate interim financial statements have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) effective for the period ended March 31, 2025
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with IFRS requires the use of certain critical accounting estimates. It also requires management to exercise its judgment in the process of applying the Company's accounting policies. Changes in assumptions may have a significant impact on the financial statements in the period the assumptions changed. The Directors believe that the underlying assumptions are appropriate and that these interim consolidated and separate financial statements present the financial position and results fairly. The areas involving a higher degree of judgement or complexity, or areas where assumptions and estimates are significant to the consolidated and separate interim financial statements are disclosed in the note .
The consolidated and separate interim financial statements have been prepared under the going concern assumption and historical cost convention as modified by the valuation of available-for-sale financial assets. The consolidated and separate interim financial statements are presented in Nigeria Naira and all values are rounded to the nearest thousand Naira (NGN'000), except where otherwise indicated.
-
Summary of significant accounting policies
The principal accounting policies applied in the preparation of these consolidated and separate interim consolidated and separate interim financial statements are set out below. These policies have been consistently applied to all the years presented, unless otherwise stated.
Consolidation
The interim financial statements of the subsidiaries used to prepare the interim consolidated and separate financial statements were prepared as of the parent Company's reporting date.
Subsidiaries
Subsidiaries are all entities (including structured entities) over which the group has control. The group controls an entity when the group is exposed to, or has rights to, variable returns from its involvement with the entity and has the ability to affect those returns through its power over the entity. Subsidiaries are fully consolidated from the date on which control is transferred to the group.
They are deconsolidated from the date that control ceases. The Company's subsidiaries' are listed below:
Vitafoam Sierra Leone Limited
Vitapur Nigeria Limited
Vitablom Nigeria Limited
Vitavisco Nigeria Limited
Vono Furniture Products Limited. .
Vitaparts Nigeria Limited
The Group applies the acquisition method to account for business combinations. The consideration transferred for the acquisition of a subsidiary is the fair values of the assets transferred, the liabilities incurred to the former owners of the acquiree and the equity interests issued by the Group. The consideration transferred includes the fair value of any asset or liability resulting from a contingent consideration arrangement. Identifiable assets acquired and liabilities and contingent liabilities assumed in a business combination are measured initially at their fair values at the acquisition date.
The Group recognises any non-controlling interest in the acquiree on an acquisition- by-acquisition basis, either at fair value or at the non-controlling interest's proportionate share of the recognised amounts of acquiree's identifiable net assets. Acquisition-related costs are expensed as incurred.
If the business combination is achieved in stages, the acquisition date carrying value of the acquirer's previously held equity interest in the acquiree is re-measured to fair value at the acquisition date; any gains or losses arising from such re-measurement are recognized in profit or loss.
Any contingent consideration to be transferred by the Group is recognised at fair value at the acquisition date. Subsequent changes to the fair value of the contingent consideration that is deemed to be an asset or liability is recognised in accordance with IAS 39 either in profit or loss or as a change to other comprehensive income. Contingent consideration that is classified as equity is not remeasured, and its subsequent settlement is accounted for within equity. Goodwill is initially measured as the excess of the aggregate of the consideration transferred and the fair value of non-controlling interest over the net identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed.
If this consideration is lower than the fair value of the net assets of the subsidiary acquired, the difference is recognised in profit or loss. Inter-Company transactions, balances, income and expenses on transactions between Group companies are eliminated. Profits and losses resulting from inter-Company transactions that are recognised in assets are also eliminated. Accounting policies of subsidiaries have been changed where necessary to ensure consistency with the policies adopted by the Group.
Changes in ownership interests in subsidiaries without change in control
Transactions with non-controlling interests that do not result in loss of control are accounted for as equity transactions - that is, as transactions with the owners in their capacity as owners. The difference between the fair value of any consideration paid and the relevant share acquired of the carrying value of net assets of the subsidiary is recorded in equity. Gains or losses on disposals to non-controlling interests are also recorded in equity.
Disposal of subsidiaries
When the Group ceases to have control, any retained interest in the entity is re-measured to its fair value at the date when control is lost, with the change in the carrying amount recognised in profit or loss. The fair value is the initial carrying amount for the purposes of subsequently accounting for retained interest in as an associate, joint venture or financial asset. In addition, any amounts previously recognised in other comprehensive income in respect of that entity, are accounted for as if the Group had directly disposed of the related assets or liabilities. This may mean that amounts previously recognised in other
comprehensive income are re-classified to profit or loss.
- Foreign currency translation
Functional and presentation currency
Items included in the financial statements of each of the Group's entities are measured using the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates ('the functional currency'). The interim consolidated and separate financial statements are presented in 'Naira', which is the Group's presentation currency.
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Foreign currency translation (continued)
Transactions and balances
Foreign currency transactions are translated into the functional currency using the exchange rates prevailing at the dates of the transactions or valuations where items are re-measured. Foreign exchange gains and losses resulting from the settlement of such transactions and from the translation at year-end exchange rates of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are recognised in profit or loss.
Foreign exchange gains and losses that relate to borrowings and cash and cash equivalents are presented in profit or loss within 'finance income or cost'. All other foreign exchange gains and losses are presented in profit or loss within 'other income or expenses'.
Foreign operations
Assets and liabilities for each period presented are translated at the closing rate at the date of that period. Income and expenses for each income statement are translated at average exchange rates. Where Group companies have a functional currency different from the Group's presentation currency, the exchange differences arising on translation of these operations are recognized in other comprehensive income, otherwise, in the profit or loss.
The results and financial position of all the Group entities (none of which has the currency of a hyperinflationary economy) that have a functional currency different from the presentation currency are translated into the presentation currency as follows:
assets and liabilities for each period presented are translated at the closing rate as at the end of that period;
income and expenses for each income statement are translated at average exchange rates (unless this average is not a reasonable approximation of the cumulative effect of the rates prevailing on the transaction dates, in which case income and expenses are translated at the rate on the dates of the transactions); and
all resulting exchange differences are recognised in other comprehensive income and accumulated in a currency translation reserve.
Goodwill and fair value adjustments arising on the acquisition of a foreign entity are treated as assets and liabilities of the foreign entity and translated at the closing rate. Exchange differences arising are recognised in other comprehensive income.
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Revenue recognition
Revenue is measured at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable and represents the amounts receivable for goods supplied in the normal course of business, stated net of trade discounts, change to returns, volume rebates, and value added tax.
The Group recognises revenue when the amount of revenue can be reliably measured; when it is probable that future economic benefits will flow to the entity; and when specific criteria have been met for each of the Company's activities, as described below.
The Group bases its estimate of return on historical results, taking into consideration the type of customer,the type of transaction and the specifics of each arrangement.
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Trade receivables
Trade receivables are amounts due from customers for sale of foam products or services performed in the ordinary course of business. If collection is expected in one year or less (or in the normal operating cycle of the business if longer), they are classified as current assets. If not, they are presented as non-current assets.
Trade receivables are recognised initially at fair value and subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method, less allowance for impairment. "
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Cash and cash equivalents
In the statement of cash flows, cash and cash equivalents includes cash in hand, cash balances with banks, other short term highly liquid investments with original maturity of three months or less and bank overdrafts. In the statement of financial position, bank overdrafts are shown within borrowings in current liabilities.
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Trade payables
Trade payables are obligations to pay for goods or services that have been acquired in the ordinary course of business from suppliers. Trade payables are classified as current liabilities if payment is due within one year or less (or in the normal operating cycle of the business if longer). If not, they are presented as non-current liabilities. Trade payables are recognised initially at fair value and subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method.
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Inventories
Inventories are stated at the lower of cost and net realisable value. Cost is determined using the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method (product & packaging materials, work-in-progress, ) and the weighted average cost basis. The cost of finished goods and work in progress comprises raw materials, direct labour, other direct costs and related production overheads (based on normal operating capacity). It excludes borrowing costs.
Net realisable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less any applicable selling expenses. Allowance is made for defective and slow moving items as appropriate. If carrying value exceeds net realizable amount, a write down is recognized. The write-down may be reversed in a subsequent period if the circumstances which caused it no longer exist.
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Provisions
Provisions are recognised when: the Group has a present legal or constructive obligation as a result of past events; it is probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation; and the amount has been reliably estimated. Provisions are not recognised for future operating losses.
Where there are a number of similar obligations, the likelihood that an outflow will be required in settlement is determined by considering the class of obligations as a whole. A provision is recognised even if the likelihood of an outflow with respect to any one item included in the same class of obligations may be small.
Provisions are measured at the present value of the expenditures expected to be required to settle the obligation using a pre-tax rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the obligation. The increase in the provision due to passage of time is recognised as interest expense.
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Property, plant and equipment
Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses. Cost includes expenditures that are directly attributable to the acquisition of the asset. Subsequent costs are included in the asset's carrying amount or recognized as a separate asset, as appropriate, only when it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the Company and the cost can be measured reliably. Repairs and maintenance costs are charged to the profit or loss in the period they are incurred.
The Group allocates the amount initially recognized in respect of an item of property, plant and equipment to its significant parts and depreciates separately each such part. The carrying amount of a replaced part is derecognized when replaced. Residual values, method of depreciation and useful lives of the assets are reviewed annually and adjusted if appropriate. Gains and losses on disposals are determined by comparing the proceeds with the carrying amount and are recognised within 'other income' in the profit or loss.
The major categories of property, plant and equipment are depreciated on a straight-line basis as follows:
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Property, plant and equipment (continued)
Asset category Useful lives (years)
Buildings 33
Plant and machinery 5
New Motor vehicle 4
Fairly used Motor vehicle 2
Furniture, fittings and equipments 5
Computer and IT equipments 2
Land is not depreciated. The Company currently does not have property, plant and equipment in work in progress. In the case where an asset's carrying amount is greater than its estimated recoverable amount, it is written down immediately to its recoverable amount and the difference (impairment loss) is recorded as expense in profit or loss.
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Impairment of assets
Impairment of non-financial assets
Assets that are subject to amortisation are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. An impairment loss is recognised for the amount by which the asset's carrying amount exceeds its recoverable amount.
The recoverable amount is the higher of an asset's fair value less costs to sell and value in use. For the purposes of assessing impairment, assets are grouped at the lowest levels for which there are separately identifiable cash flows (cash-generating units). Non-financial assets other than goodwill that suffered an impairment are reviewed for possible reversal of the impairment at each reporting date.
Impairment of financial assets
Assets carried at amortised cost
The Group assesses at the end of each reporting period whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset is impaired. A financial asset is impaired and impairment losses are incurred only if there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of one or more events that occurred after the initial recognition of the asset (a 'loss event') and that loss event (or events) has an impact on the estimated future cash flows of the financial asset that can be reliably estimated.
The criteria that the Group uses to determine that there is objective evidence of an impairment loss include:
Significant financial difficulty of the issuer or obligor;
a breach of contract, such as a default or delinquency in interest or principal payments;
the Company, for economic or legal reasons relating to the borrower's financial difficulty, granting to the borrower a concession that the lender would not otherwise consider;
it becomes probable that the borrower will enter bankruptcy or other financial reorganisation;
the disappearance of an active market for that financial asset because of financial difficulties; or
observable data indicating that there is a measurable decrease in the estimated future cash flows from a portfolio of financial assets since the initial recognition of those assets, although the decrease cannot yet be identified with the individual financial assets in the portfolio, including:
Adverse changes in the payment status of borrowers in the portfolio; and
National or local economic conditions that correlate with defaults on the assets in the portfolio.
The Group first assesses whether objective evidence of impairment exists.
For loans and receivables, the amount of the loss is measured as the difference between the asset's carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial asset's original effective interest rate.
The carrying amount of the asset is reduced and the amount of the loss is recognised in the consolidated income statement. If a loan has a variable interest rate, the discount rate for measuring any impairment loss is the current effective interest rate determined under the contract. As a practical expedient, the Group may measure impairment on the basis of an instrument's fair value using an observable market price.
If, in a subsequent period, the amount of the impairment loss decreases and the decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognised (such as an improvement in the debtor's credit rating), the reversal of the previously recognised impairment loss is recognised in the income statement.
Assets carried as available for sale
The Group assesses at the end of each reporting period whether there is an objective evidence that a financial asset is impaired. In the case of equity investments classified as available for sale, a significant or prolonged decline in the fair value of the security below cost is also evidence that the asset is impaired.
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Property, plant and equipment (continued)
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Impairment of assets (continued)
If such evidence exists for available for sale financial assets, the cumulative loss -measured as the difference between the acquisition cost and the current fair value, less any impairment loss on thatfinancial asset previously recognized in profit or loss-is removed from equity and recognized in profit or loss. Impairment losses recognized in the consolidated income statement on equity instruments are not reversed through the consolidated profit or loss.
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Financial instruments
Classification
The Company classifies its financial assets in the following categories:
Loans and receivables, and available for sale. The classification depends on the purpose for which the financial assets were acquired. Management determines the classification of its financial assets at initial recognition.
Financial assets and liabilities are recognized when the Group becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.
Financial assets
The Group's financial assets are classified into available for sale (AFS) and loans and receivables. The classification depends on the nature and purpose of the financial assets and is determined at the time of initial recognition. Management determines the classification of financial assets at initial recognition.
Available-for-sale financial assets (AFS financial assets)
Available-for-sale investments are non-derivatives that are either designated in this category or not classified in any of the other categories. The Group's available-for sale assets comprise investments in equity securities . Available-for-sale investments are recognized initially at fair value plus transaction costs and are subsequently carried at fair value. Gains or losses arising from remeasurement are recognized in other comprehensive income .
When an available-for-sale investment is sold or impaired, the accumulated gains or losses are moved from accumulated other comprehensive income to the statement of comprehensive income and are included in "other gains and losses (net)". Available-for-sale investments are classified as non-current, unless an investment matures within twelve months, or management expects to dispose of it within twelve months. Dividends on available-for-sale equity instruments are recognized in the statement of income as dividend income when the Company's right to receive payment is established.
Investments in equity instruments that do not have a quoted market price in an active market and whose fair values cannot be reasonably estimated are carried at cost.
Loans and receivables
Loans and receivables are non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are not quoted in an active market. The Group's loans and receivables comprise trade receivables, staff debtors, Intercompany receivables and cash and cash equivalents, and are included in current assets due to their short-term nature. Loans and receivables are initially recognized at the amount expected to be received, less, when material, a discount to reduce the loans and receivables to fair value. Subsequently, loans and receivables are carried at amortised cost less any impairment.
- Financial instruments (continued)
Financial liabilities
Financial liabilities are classified as financial liabilities at amortised cost. There are no financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL). Financial liabilities are recognised initially at fair value and, in the case of financial liabilities at amortised cost, inclusive of directly attributable transaction costs. The subsequent measurement of financial liabilities depends on their classification as follows:
(a) Financial liabilities at amortised cost
These include trade payables and bank borrowings. Trade payables are initially recognized at the amount required to be paid, less, when material, a discount to reduce the payables to fair value. Subsequently, trade payables are measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method. Bank borrowings are recognised initially at fair value, net of any transaction costs incurred, and subsequently at amortised cost using the effective interest method. These are classified as current liabilities if payment is due within twelve months. Otherwise, they are presented as non-current liabilities.
Offsetting financial Instruments
Financial assets and liabilities are offset and the net amount reported in the statement of financial position when there is a legally enforceable right to offset the recognized amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis or realise the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.
Derecognition
All financial instruments are initially measured at fair value. Financial assets and liabilities are derecognised when the rights to receive cash flows from the investments or settle obligations have expired or have been transferred and the Company has transferred substantially all risks and rewards of ownership.
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Taxation
Current Income tax
The tax expense for the period comprises current and deferred tax. Tax is recognised in the income statement, except to the extent that it relates to items recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in equity. In this case, the tax is also recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in equity, respectively.
The current income tax charge is calculated on the basis of the tax laws enacted or substantively enacted as at each reporting period end in the countries where the Group operates and generates taxable income.Management periodically evaluates positions taken in tax returns with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulation is subject to interpretation. It establishes provisions where appropriate on the basis of amounts expected to be paid to the tax authorities.
Deferred Income tax
Deferred income tax is recognised, using the liability method, on temporary differences arising between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts in the financial statements. Deferred income tax is determined using tax rates (and laws) that have been enacted or substantially enacted at each report period end and are expected to apply when the related deferred income tax asset is realised or the deferred income tax liability is settled. Deferred income tax assets are recognised only to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profit will be available against which the temporary differences can be utilised.
Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are offset when there is a legally enforceable right to offset current tax assets against current tax liabilities and when the deferred income taxes assets and liabilities relate to income taxes levied by the same taxation authority on either the same taxable entity or different taxable entities where there is an intention to settle the balances on a net basis.
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Employee benefits
The Group has both defined benefit and defined contributory schemes.
Defined Contributory scheme
The Company operates a pension scheme which is generally funded through payments to insurance companies or trustee-administered funds, determined by periodic actuarial calculations. The Company operates a defined contribution plan. A defined contribution plan is a pension plan under which the Company pays fixed contributions into a separate entity. The Company has no legal or constructive obligations to pay further contributions if the fund does not hold sufficient assets to pay all employees the benefits relating to employee service in the current and prior periods. A defined benefit plan is a pension plan that is not a defined contribution plan.
In Nigeria, the Group, in line with the provisions of the Pension Reform Act 2014, operates a defined contribution pension scheme under which the Group contributes 10% and its employees each contribute 8% of the employees' monthly basic salary, housing and transport allowances to the fund. In Sierra Leone and Ghana.
The Group also operates defined contribution schemes in accordance with the relevant local laws. The Group has no further payment obligations once the contributions have been paid. The contributions are recognised as employee benefit expenses when they are due.
The staff contributions to the scheme are funded through payroll deductions while the Group's contributions are accrued and charged fully to the profit or loss account. Prepaid contributions are recognised as an asset to the extent that a cash refund or a reduction in the future payments is available.
Defined Benefits scheme
A defined benefit plan is a retirement benefit plan that is not a defined contribution plan. Typically defined benefit plans define an amount of pension benefit that an employee will receive on retirement, usually dependent on one or more factors such as age, years of service and compensation.
The liability recognised in the statement of financial position in respect of defined benefit pension plans is the present value of the defined benefit obligation at the end of the reporting period less the fair value of plan assets, together with adjustments for actuarial gains or losses and past service costs. The defined benefit obligation is calculated annually by independent actuaries using the projected unit credit method.
The present value of the defined benefit obligation is determined by discounting the estimated future cash outflows using interest rates on government bonds that are denominated in the currency in which the benefits will be paid, and that have terms to maturity approximating to the terms of the related pension obligation.
Actuarial gains and losses are recognized in full in the period in which they occurred, in other comprehensive income and cumulated in other reserves without recycling to profit or loss in subsequent periods.
The current service cost of the defined benefit plan, recognised in the income statement in employee benefit expense, except where included in the cost of an asset, reflects the increase in the defined benefit obligation resulting from employee service in the current year, benefit changes curtailments and settlements. Past-service costs are recognised immediately in income.
Other Long term benefits
Other long term benefits - Long Service awards are paid to qualifying staff when earned. The Group's liability to staff is measured annually by independent actuaries using the projected credit unit method.
Termination Benefits
Termination benefits are payable when employment is terminated before the normal retirement date, or whenever an employee accepts voluntary redundancy in exchange for these benefits. The Group recognises termination benefits when it is demonstrably committed to either: terminating the employment of current employees according to a detailed formal plan without possibility of withdrawal; or providing termination benefits as a result of an offer made to encourage voluntary redundancy. Benefits falling due more than 12 months after the end of the reporting period are discounted to present value.
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Share capital
The Company has only one class of shares, ordinary shares. Ordinary shares are classified as equity. When new shares are issued, they are recorded as share capital at their par value. The excess of the issue price over the par value is recorded in the share premium reserve.
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Dividend distribution
Dividend distribution to the Company's shareholders is recognised as a liability in the Company's consolidated and separate interim financial statements in the period in which the dividends are approved by the Company's shareholders.
Unclaimed dividends which remain unclaimed for a period exceeding twelve (12) years from the date of declaration and which are no longer actionable by shareholders in accordance with section 385 of the Companies and Allied Matters Acts of Nigeria are written back to retained earnings.
- Leases
Leases in which a significant portion of the risks and rewards of ownership are retained by the lessor are classified as operating leases. Payments made under operating leases (net of any incentives received from the lessor) are charged to the profit or loss on a straight-line basis over the period of the lease.
The Group leases certain land and buildings. Leases of land and buildings where the Group has substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership are classified as finance leases otherwise, they are operating leases.
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Leases (continued)
Finance leases are capitalized at the lease's commencement at the lower of the fair value of the leased property and the present value of the minimum lease payments. For finance leases, each lease payment is allocated between the liability and finance charges. The corresponding rental obligations, net of finance charges, are included in other longterm payables. The interest element of the finance cost is charged to the income statement over the lease period so as to produce a constant periodic rate of interest on the remaining balance of the liability for each period. Property, plant & equipment acquired under finance leases are depreciated over the shorter of the useful life of the asset and the lease term.
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Government grants
Grants from the government are recognised at their fair value where there is a reasonable assurance that the grant will be received and the Group will comply with all attached conditions. Government grants relating to costs are deferred and recognised in the income statement over the period necessary to match them with the costs that they are intended to compensate. Government grants relating to property, plant and equipment are deferred and credited to the profit or loss on a straight- line basis over the expected useful lives of the related assets.
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Segment Reporting
An Operating segment is a component of an entity
that engages in business activities from which it may earn revenues and incur expenses (including revenues and expenses relating to transactions with other components of the same entity);
whose operating results are regularly reviewed by the entity's chief operating decision maker to maked ecisions about resources to be allocated to the segment and assess its performance; and
for which discrete financial information is available. Operating segments are reported in a manner consistent with the internal reporting provided to the chief operating decision-maker. The chief operating decision-maker who is responsible for allocating resources and assessing performance of the operating segments has been identified as the Managing director of Vitafoam Nigeria Plc.
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Borrowings
Borrowings are recognised initially at fair value, net of transaction costs incurred. Borrowings are subsequently carried at amortised cost; any difference between the proceeds (net of transaction costs) and the redemption value is recognised in the profit or loss over the period of the borrowings using the effective interest method.
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Borrowing Costs
General and specific borrowing costs directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of qualifying assets, which are assets that necessarily take a substantial period of time to get ready for their intended use or sale, are added to the cost of those assets, until such time as the assets are substantially ready for their intended use or sale. Investment income earned on the temporary investment of specific borrowings pending their expenditure on qualifying assets is deducted from the borrowing costs eligible for capitalisation. All other borrowing costs are recognised in profit or loss in the period in which they are incurred.
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Investment property
Property that is held for long-term rental yields or for capital appreciation or both, and that is not occupied by the Group is classified as investment property. Investment property also includes property that is being constructed or developed for future use as investment property. Land held under operating leases is classified and accounted for by the Company as investment property when the definition of investment property would otherwise be met. The operating lease is accounted for as if it were a finance lease.
Investment property is measured initially at its cost, including related transaction costs and (where applicable) borrowing costs. After initial recognition, investment property is carried at cost. Recognition of investment properties takes place only when it is probable that the future economic benefits that are associated with the investment property will flow to the Group and the cost can be reliably measured.
This is usually when all risks are transferred. Rental income represents income received from letting of properties. Income is recognised on an accrual basis and credited to the profit or loss.
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Intangible assets
Costs associated with maintaining computer software programmes are recognised as an expense as incurred. Development costs that are directly attributable to the design and testing of identifiable and unique software products controlled by the Company are recognised as intangible assets when the following criteria are met:
it is technically feasible to complete the software product so that it will be available for use;
management intends to complete the software product and use or sell it;
there is an ability to use or sell the software product;
it can be demonstrated how the software product will generate probable future economic benefits;
adequate technical, financial and other resources to complete the development and to use or sell the software product are available; and
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Intangible assets (continued)
the expenditure attributable to the software product during its development can be reliably measured
Acquired computer software licenses are capitalised on the basis of the costs incurred to acquire and bring to use the specific software. These costs are amortised over their estimated useful lives of five years." Directly attributable costs that are capitalised as part of the software product include the software development employee costs and an appropriate portion of relevant overheads. Other development expenditures that do not meet these criteria are recognised as an expense as incurred. Development costs previously recognised as an expense are not recognised as an asset in a subsequent period.
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Comparatives
Except when a standard or an interpretation permits or requires otherwise, all amounts are reported or disclosed with comparative information. Where IAS 8 applies, comparative figures have been adjusted to conform to changes in presentation in the current year.
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Interests in subsidiaries
Company unaudited consolidated and separate interim financial statements
In the company's separate unaudited consolidated and separate interim financial statements, investments in subsidiaries are carried at cost less any accumulated impairment.
The cost of an investment in a subsidiary is the aggregate of:
the fair value, at the date of exchange, of assets given, liabilities incurred or assumed, and equity instruments issued by the company; plus
any costs directly attributable to the purchase of the subsidiary.
An adjustment to the cost of a business combination contingent on future events is included in the cost of the combination if the adjustment is probable and can be measured reliably.
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Critical accounting estimates and judgements
The preparation of consolidated and separate interim financial statements in conformity with IFRS requires the use of certain critical accounting estimates. It also requires management to exercise its judgement in the process of applying the Group's accounting policies. The areas involving a higher degree of judgement or complexity, or areas where assumptions and estimates are significant to the consolidated and separate interim financial statements are disclosed herein.
Estimates and judgements are continually evaluated and are based on historical experience and other factors, including expectations of future events that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances.
Critical accounting estimates and assumptions
The Group makes estimates and assumptions concerning the future. The resulting accounting estimates will, by definition, seldom equal the related actual results. The estimates and assumptions that have a significant risk of causing a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities within the next financial year are addressed below:
Pension obligations
The present value of the employee benefit obligations depends on a number of factors that are determined on an actuarial basis using a number of assumptions. The assumptions used in determining the net cost (income) for these benefits include the discount rate. Any changes in these assumptions will impact the carrying amount of employee benefit obligations.
The Group's actuaries determines the appropriate discount rate at the end of each year. This is the interest rate that should be used to determine the present value of estimated future cash outflows expected to be required to settle the employee benefit obligations.
In determining the appropriate discount rate, the actuaries considers the interest rates of high-quality corporate bonds (except where there is no deep market in such bonds, in which case the discount rate should be based on market yields on Government bonds) that are denominated in the currency in which the benefits will be paid and that have terms to maturity approximating the terms of the related employee benefit obligation. Other key assumptions for employee benefit obligations are based in part on current market conditions. Additional information is disclosed in note .
Income Taxes
Taxes are paid by Companies under a number of different regulations and laws, which are subject to varying interpretations. In this environment, it is possible for the tax authorities to review transactions and activities that have not been reviewed in the past and scrutinize these in greater detail, with additional taxes being assessed based on new interpretations of the applicable tax law and regulations.
Accordingly, management's interpretation of the applicable tax law and regulations as applied to the transactions and activities of the Companies within the Group may be challenged by the relevant taxation authorities. The Group's management believes that its interpretation of the relevant tax law and regulations is appropriate and that the tax position included in these interim consolidated and separate financial statements will be sustained.
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