Clean Energy Fuels Corp. · NASDAQ:CLNE
Clean Energy Fuels — Investor Presentation (January 2004)
75 slides from Clean Energy Fuels's investor presentation, January 2004
Slide 1: Natural Gas Buses: The Right Choice for RTD and the Denver Metro Region
Natural Gas Buses The Right Choice for RTD and the Denver Metro Region A Response to RTD’s Staff Presentation to the RTD Operations Committee on January 9, 2004 1
Slide 2: The Issue
The Issue The Regional Transportation District (RTD) has a long history of issuing diesel-only new bus RFPs for standard heavy-duty bus service. Consequently, RTD taxpayers and commuters are denied the cleaner, quieter heavy-duty natural gas buses used by other transit agencies throughout the countr
Slide 3: Sample Transit Agencies Using Natural Gas Buses
Sample Transit Agencies Using Natural Gas Buses Agency # of Natural Gas Buses Albuquerque (5,000 ft) 60 Santa Fe (7,000 ft) 24 High Altitude Pierce Transit (Seattle, WA) 176 Phoenix 543 (Liquefied natural gas) Atlanta 324 Los Angeles MTA 2,000 New York 221 Boston 375 San Diego 375? Sacramento RT 241
Slide 4: Introduction
Introduction • Compressed natural gas (CNG) transit bus engines offer the lowest emissions commercially available1 • All but one major transit bus manufacturer in the United States Los Angeles MTA – CNG Manufactured by NABI - 2002 builds CNG transit buses • 22% of all new buses on order in the Unite
Slide 5: Introduction
Introduction • CNG transit buses are cost competitive with diesel buses • In cases where CNG transit bus bids are higher than diesel, outside funding sources usually cover the incremental cost (CMAQ, FTA, etc.) Culver City, CA – CNG • Clean Energy will pay any incremental cost incurred by RTD up to
Slide 6: Introduction
Introduction • Transit agencies throughout the country/world operate CNG Transit buses successfully – The successful operation of 32 CNG buses at DIA for the last two years proves that CNG buses function well at our altitude.3 – The City of Santa Fe’s CNG transit fleet successfully operates at 7,000
Slide 7: Introduction
Introduction • On April 15, 2004, EPA Region 8 will designate the Denver region as a non-attainment area for the Federal ozone standard.5 • NOx is a primary contributor to ozone, therefore reducing NOx emissions will help reduce ozone. • By 2007 all new bus purchases in the United States must meet m
Slide 8: Introduction
Introduction • The presentation to the Operations Committee on January 9, 2004 was critically flawed for multiple reasons: – Staff’s presentation compared 2003 “clean diesel” engines equipped with emission control systems that require Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel fuel with circa 1996 CNG engines. – Staff
Slide 9: What Did Staff Intend?
What Did Staff Intend? Engine Technology Required Fuel Conventional Diesel Standard Diesel Fuel (<500 ppm sulfur) “Clean Diesel” Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel (<15 ppm sulfur) ppm = parts per million • Staff’s presentation was mixed with references to both conventional and “clean diesel” technology withou
Slide 10: Emissions – Regional Impact
Emissions – Regional Impact • For the past three years, the Denver region has failed to meet the Federal ozone standard. • On April 15, 2004, EPA Region 8 will designate the Denver region as a non-attainment area for the Federal ozone standard. • RTD is not currently a partner in the metro-region’s
Slide 11: Emissions Comparison
Emissions Comparison • Emission results from CNG buses equipped with a catalyzed particulate filter vs. so-called “clean diesel” bus equipped with a diesel particulate filter using Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel7 • Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel is not commercially available in Colorado • With NOx being a major c
Slide 12: 2003 Diesel vs. CNG Emissions Study
2003 Diesel vs. CNG Emissions Study conducted by the California Air Resources Board, UC Davis and University of Connecticut 35 30 25 20 15 NOx NO2 10 5 DOC-Diesel Oxidation Catalyst DPF –Diesel Particulate Filter OC- Oxidation Catalyst 0 Diesel Diesel CNG CNG-1 CNG-2 (DOC) (DPF) (OC) (OC) 12
Slide 13: What does the EPA say about natural gas vs. diesel engines?
What does the EPA say about natural gas vs. diesel engines? • The next slide shows EPA-certified emissions for diesel and natural gas engines available in 2002 and 2003. • The natural gas engines’ results are clustered in the lower left where both major emissions -- nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particu
Slide 14: Today's Heavy-Duty Diesel and Natural Gas EPA-Certified Engine Emissions
Today’s Heavy-Duty Diesel and Natural Gas EPA-Certified 0.12 Engine Emissions 0.10 PM (g/bhp-hr) 0.08 0.06 0.04 CNG pre MY2003 CNG MY2003 0.02 Diesel pre MY2003 Diesel MY2003 0.00 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 NOx (g/bhp-hr) 14 Source: DOE 1/28/03 Presentation
Slide 15: What does Detroit Diesel say about natural gas engines?
What does Detroit Diesel say about natural gas engines? • The following slide was presented by Detroit Diesel -- one of the two major transit bus engine suppliers -- at a transit meeting in the fall of 2002. • Their natural gas engine -- the 50G -- has much lower NOx, carbon monoxide (CO) and PM emi
Slide 16: Series 50G Emissions Detroit Diesel Status
Series 50G Emissions Detroit Diesel Status G/HP-HR NOx NMHC CO PM EPA Standard 2.5 NOx+NMHC 15.5 0.05 CARB Standard 1.8 NOx+NMHC 15.5 0.05 S50G 275 BHP With Catalyst 1.2 NOx+NMHC 0 0.01 S50G 275 BHP No Catalyst 1.9 NOx+NMHC 2.1 0.02 S50G Cont. Dev. No Catalyst 1.8 NOx+NMHC 2.1 0.02 Source: DDC Prese
Slide 17: What does Cummins Westport say about natural gas engines?
What does Cummins Westport say about natural gas engines? “Our spark-ignited (natural gas) engines provide reductions of up to 90% for particulate matter (PM), up to 24% for oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and up to 10% for carbon dioxide (CO2) compared with 2004 diesel standards.” Source: Cummins Westport
Slide 18: How do future diesel and natural gas engines compare?
How do future diesel and natural gas engines compare? NOx + NOx NMHC PM THC CO NMHC 2002/20041 EPA Standards 2.5 0.05 15.5 2007 EPA Standards2 0.2 0.01 “Green Diesel” 3.0 0.005 0 Technology3 Low emission CNG 0.117 0.104 0.013 0.001 05 1.49 engine4 1 Originally these standards took effect in 2004, bu
Slide 19: Diesels are rapidly becoming more complicated and expensive
Diesels are rapidly becoming more complicated and expensive AIR EGR COOLER LPL EGR FILTER The slide demonstrates a range of options of T (IMP) additional emissions reduction equipment that N will be required for diesel SCR TPS engines to meet 2007 AR CLEANUP Federal emission standards. CATALYST ? TH
Slide 20: Performance
Performance • Noise • Efficiency • Durability • Range • Fueling • Maintenance “Our 2002 CNG buses out performed our diesel” -Mike Quirk, Maintenance Manager, First Transit (Pomona, CA) 20
Slide 21: Noise
Noise8 140 120 100 Decibel Level 80 60 40 20 0 Jet Engine at Jackhammer Diesel Engine Busy Urban NG Engine (Full Diesel Engine Garbage NG Engine (No Conversation in Conversation at 300 ft. (Full Load) Street Load) (No Load) Disposal Load) Restaurant Home • It is important to understand that the diff
Slide 22: Efficiency
Efficiency • Staff presentation appears to claim conventional heavy-duty diesel transit buses typically achieve 4.6 miles per gallon (mpg) vs. 3.7 mpg for comparable CNG buses. Reality: The national MPG average for heavy-duty diesel transit buses is between 3.5 and 4.0 MPG – although MPG varies depe
Slide 23: Durability
Durability • Staff presentation claims conventional heavy duty diesel transit engines have a life of 300,000 miles while comparable CNG engines have a life of only 150,000 miles Reality: CNG transit buses regularly achieve over 400,000 miles before requiring first engine overhaul10 OmniTrans (San Be
Slide 24: Range
Range • Staff claims the maximum range for CNG buses is only 350 miles vs. diesel transit buses with a range of 450 miles. Reality: RTD’s RFP can and should dictate bus operating range which, in turn, will dictate on-board fuel storage capacity. Reality: Natural gas buses are constructed to provide
Slide 25: Fueling
Fueling • Staff claims fueling time for diesel buses is 3-minutes per bus while fueling time for CNG buses is 15-20 minutes. Reality: Transit agencies across the US require CNG fuel suppliers to meet 8-minute fueling time (or less) per bus11. Reality: Fueling time comparison is largely irrelevant. S
Slide 26: Fueling
Fueling • Denver’s natural gas is often mischaracterized Staff refers to the Denver-metro region’s natural gas as being “low quality” and/or possessing 10% less energy than the national average implying this somehow equates to less fuel economy, poorer engine performance or higher emissions. Reality
Slide 27: Maintenance
Maintenance • Staff claims no additional training is needed for new diesel buses, whereas CNG transit buses require more maintenance and personnel training. Reality: In order to meet EPA Clean Air standards, expensive and complicated diesel emissions control systems are required. These systems deman
Slide 28: Cummins C Gas Plus Customer Satisfaction Survey
Cummins C Gas Plus Customer Satisfaction Survey- Ranking13 • Cummins is one of the leading engine manufacturers for transit buses. • Majority of Cummins customers using its CNG engine rated the C Gas Plus model excellent or good on 7 of 8 criteria. – Low Emissions – Ease of Servicing – Safety – Driv
Slide 29: Capital Costs - Buses
Capital Costs - Buses • Staff claims CNG buses costs $30,000-$50,000 more per bus than for comparable diesel buses. Reality: Recent bids show CNG buses are cost competitive with diesel buses.14 Reality: In a recent large bus procurement, the incremental capital cost was $7,000 per bus.14 Reality: Th
Slide 30: Capital Costs – Fueling
Capital Costs – Fueling • Staff claims a new CNG fuel station for 63-100 buses will cost $2-$4 million. Reality: Very large CNG fueling stations do cost $2- 4 million however, at several transit agencies including Los Angeles and Boston the Federal Transit Administration covered 100% of the cost of
Slide 31: Maintenance Costs
Maintenance Costs • Staff claims CNG buses are 60% more expensive to maintain. Reality: Pierce Transit in Seattle, Washington reports CNG costs $0.36/mile to operate and diesel costs $0.58/mile to operate (parts, labor, fuel, lubricants, and tires).15 Reality: Significant engineering improvements in
Slide 32: Operating Costs: Pierce Transit (Seattle)
Operating Costs: Pierce Transit (Seattle) Oil Consumption Fuel Consumption C+8.3G C+8.3G C8.3G Better C8.3G Better L10 Ph III L10 Ph III Standard CNG engine L10 Ph II L10 Ph II available from Cummins L10 Ph I L10 Ph I (engine used by RTD) Diesel Diesel 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 0 500 1000 1500 200
Slide 33: Operating Costs: Sacramento RT
Operating Costs: Sacramento RT Fuel Economy CNG Oil Consumption CNG (MPG) Diesel (miles per quart) Diesel 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Source: Sacramento RT, CNG July 2003 – Cost Per Mile Diesel December 2003 Monthly Maintenance Report 0.68 0.7 0.72 0.74 0.76 33
Slide 34: Fuel Cost
Fuel Cost • Staff claims cost for diesel is $0.90 per gallon and CNG costs $1.56 per gallon. Reality: Clean Energy currently charges $1.56 for CNG at its very low volume stations (less than 2,000 gallons per month) which includes the RTD Boulder site (3, 30’ buses circa 1998) which RTD committed to
Slide 35: Natural Gas Pricing
Natural Gas Pricing • CNG and LNG pricing is based on CNG LNG several factors Commodity @ $0.66 $0.66 – Natural gas commodity $4.75/MMBtu – Compression cost (CNG) Liquefaction & n/a $0.25 – Operation and Maintenance Transportation – Transportation/liquefaction (LNG) (from Ignacio) • LNG is transport
Slide 36: Fuel Cost
Fuel Cost • In addition, emission control systems that will be required on new diesel engines will decrease fuel economy by 3-7%.17 • Based on current natural gas prices, the fuel costs, including station operation (maintenance, electricity), ranges from Phoenix International Airport - CNG $0.85 to
Slide 37: Funding Options
Funding Options • No additional funding may be needed if CNG bids come in at or lower than diesel bids • If natural gas bids come in higher than diesel there are several sources of funding: – Federal Transit Administration (FTA) • As long as RTD owns the bus, FTA will reimburse RTD for 95% of any in
Slide 38: Funding Options
Funding Options – Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality (CMAQ) – US Department of Energy – State Energy Projects • Regularly funds CNG projects up to $150,000 per project for incremental capital cost – Tax credits • Existing Colorado State Tax Credit – If buses are purchased by RTD’s contractor and
Slide 39: Natural Gas buses are widely used
Natural Gas buses are widely used • 22% of all new transit buses on order in the US are natural gas19 • Other countries see the future and are deploying CNG powered buses. For example, in Beijing, China 90% of their 18,000 bus fleet will be natural gas by 200718 • Of the 2,300 transit buses operatin
Slide 40: Summary
Summary • Given the demonstrated cost, emissions, performance, durability advantages of natural gas buses, RTD should allow natural gas buses to compete in all new bus RFPs. • It’s proven that natural gas buses have lower emissions than diesel buses (particularly NOx) and will continue to have lower
Slide 41: Summary
Summary • The emission reductions from CNG buses can offset emission increases associated with FasTracks construction. • CNG fuel suppliers can provide 100% of the capital for the fueling infrastructure as part of a long term fueling agreement. • If the region goes into Ozone non-attainment there is
Slide 42: Sources
Sources 1. NREL, 2003, WMATA Emissions Study 2. http://www.apta.com/research/stats/bus/busmktpower.cfm 3. Terry Henry, DIA (303) 342-2885 4. Tom Williams, Santa Fe Trails, (505) 955-2004 5. December 3, 2003 letter to Gov. Owens from US EPA Region 8 Administrator. 6. Washington Post, 11-21-03, DC Bus
Slide 43: Diesel Health Impacts & Recent Comparisons to Other Fuels
Diesel Health Impacts & Recent Comparisons to Other Fuels Diane Bailey, Staff Scientist, Natural Resources Defense Council DEER Conference, San Diego, CA, August 2002
Slide 44: NRDC
NRDC The Natural Resources Defense Council is a national, non-profit organization of scientists, lawyers and environmental specialists dedicated to protecting public health and the environment. Founded in 1970, NRDC has more than 500,000 members nationwide, served from offices in New York, Washingto
Slide 45: General Health Effects of Diesel Exhaust
General Health Effects of Diesel Exhaust • General Acute Exposure Effects: Nausea, eye irritation, increased blood pressure, headache, light-headedness, loss of appetite, poor coordination & difficulty concentrating.1 • Diesel Particulates (PM) and Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) are responsible for a wide ar
Slide 46: Diesel Exhaust Particulates
Diesel Exhaust Particulates • Diesel exhaust is a major source of fine particles, which can lodge deep in the lungs, carrying other air toxics with them. • Numerous studies have shown that fine particulates:1 • Impair lung function • Aggravate respiratory problems: Bronchitis, emphysema, asthma • Ar
Slide 47: Particulate Related Mortality
Particulate Related Mortality • Many studies tie fine PM to increased hospital admissions for respiratory diseases, chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD), pneumonia, and heart disease, including elevated risk of acute myocardial infarction (heart attack).1 • An NRDC study of 239 U.S. cities estima
Slide 48: Carcinogenic Effects
Carcinogenic Effects • The State of California classified Diesel exhaust as a known lung carcinogen in 1990. Numerous other agencies – U.S. & International – consider diesel exhaust likely to be carcinogenic. • Scores of studies have shown that long-term exposure to diesel exhaust is associated with
Slide 49: Cancer Risk Statistics
Cancer Risk Statistics • Government regulators estimate that diesel exhaust is responsible for 125,000 cancers nationwide, based on lifetime exposure. (STAPPA/ALAPCO, 2000) • Studies in California reveal that more than 70% of cancer risk from air pollution comes from diesel exhaust alone. (SCAQMD, M
Slide 50: Diesel & Asthma
Diesel & Asthma • According to numerous studies, diesel exhaust is associated with asthma, which is rapidly on the rise in this country. Asthma has risen by 160 percent in children under age four since 1980, and the severity of the disease among children has also increased.1 > 5% of Americans suffer
Slide 51: Diesel & Asthma Continued
Diesel & Asthma Continued • New research indicates that diesel exhaust may actually cause allergies and asthma, rather than simply aggravating pre-existing conditions.1 • Diesel particles can worsen reactions to common allergens such as pollen.2 • Studies have shown that the proximity of a child’s s
Slide 52: Health Effects of NOx
Health Effects of NOx NOx causes a wide variety of health & environmental impacts because of the many compounds & derivatives in the family of nitrogen oxides, including: Nitrogen dioxide, Nitric acid, Nitrous oxide, Nitrates, & Nitric oxide. • These compounds can react to form other toxic chemicals
Slide 53: Adverse Environmental Impacts of NOx
Adverse Environmental Impacts of NOx • It forms ozone smog, which can trigger serious respiratory problems. • It Contributes to many other environmental problems including: Acid rain, Nutrient overloading leading to water quality problems, Haze, and Global warming.
Slide 54: Diesel Exhaust: An Enormous Source to Contend With
Diesel Exhaust: An Enormous Source to Contend With • Though diesels only account for 2% of on-road vehicles in California, they contribute to 30% of NOx and 65% of particulates from the on-road sector. (CARB, 2002) • While new diesels are much cleaner, older dirtier diesels remain in use for decades
Slide 55: The Dirtiest Diesel Sources
The Dirtiest Diesel Sources Off-road equipment & vehicles are the dirtiest source of diesel exhaust, followed closely by stationary generators. In California, Heavy-duty Trucks, Construction & Farm Equipment, Marine Vessels and Locomotives, together account for over 85% diesel PM emissions Californi
Slide 56: Heavy-duty Diesel Emission Testing & Research
Heavy-duty Diesel Emission Testing & Research Transit Buses: • California Transit Bus Studies: BP Arco CARB SF Muni • N.Y.S. Dept. of Environmental Conservation Other Heavy-duty Vehicles: Research in U.S. & Abroad
Slide 57: California Transit Bus Studies
California Transit Bus Studies Test Buses: 40’ Newflyer Buses, supplied by LAMTA • Detroit Diesel w/ “market diesel” & ox. cat. (BD) • “ w/ Low S diesel & PM trap (DPF) • Compressed Natural Gas, uncontrolled (CNG) • “ w/ox. cat. Pollutants Tested: • Criteria: PM, NOx, CO + HCs • Toxics (ex. Benzene)
Slide 58: CA Studies, Emissions from Highest to Lowest
CA Studies, Emissions from Highest to Lowest: Pollutant: CARB Study ARCO Study NOx BD ~ DPF > CNG DPF > CNG 1 For combined BTEX PM BD >> CNG > DPF DPF = CNG (Benzene, Toluene, THC/NMHC CNG >> BD > DPF CNG >> DPF Ethylbenzene & Xylene) CO CNG > BD > DPF CNG >> DPF 2 Baseline Diesel Samples were Benze
Slide 59: Comparison of Recent Transit Bus Study Emission Data
Comparison of Recent Transit Bus Study Emission Data, CBD Test Cycle NOx (g/mile) PM (g/mile) BD DPF CNG BD DPF CNG CARB Study 30 31 19 0.12 0.01 0.04 BP-ARCO Study 40 35 16 0.66 0.01 0.01 NYC Study 26 27 24 0.22 0.04 0.02 BD = Baseline Diesel DPF = Diesel with DPF CNG = Compressed Natural Gas, no c
Slide 60: PM Emissions, Various Grades of Diesel Fuel
Heavy-Duty Vehicle PM Emissions, Various Grades of Diesel Fuel 1.2 Truck 1.0 Transit Bus School Bus PM Emissions (g/mile) 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 ULSD + Trap D: 10ppmS D: 50ppmS D: 500ppmS 1) T. Beer et. al., “Comparison of Transport Fuels,” Final Report to the Australian Greenhouse Office, 2001. 2) Aya
Slide 61: PM Emissions, Diesel with Aftertreatments
Heavy-Duty Vehicle PM Emissions, Diesel Fuel with Aftertreatments 1.200 1.000 Truck Transit Bus School Bus PM Emissions (g/mile) 0.800 0.600 0.400 0.200 0.000 Low Sulfur Diesel + ULSD + Trap ULSD + Cat Diesel + Cat D: 500ppmS DPF + EGR 1) T. Beer et. al., “Comparison of Transport Fuels,” Final Repor
Slide 62: PM Emissions, Alternative Fuels
Heavy-Duty Vehicle PM Emissions, Alternative Fuels 1.200 Truck Transit Bus School Bus 1.000 PM Emissions (g/mile) 0.800 0.600 0.400 0.200 0.000 D: 500ppmS Biodiesel F-T F-T + DPF LPG (propane) CNG CNG + Cat LNG 1) T. Beer et. al., “Comparison of Transport Fuels,” Final Report to the Australian Green
Slide 63: NOx Emissions, Various Grades of Diesel Fuels
Heavy-Duty Vehicle NOx Emissions, Various Grades of Diesel Fuels 35 Truck Transit Bus School Bus 30 NOx Emissions (g/mile) 25 20 15 10 5 0 ULSD + Trap D: 10ppmS D: 50ppmS D: 500ppmS 1) T. Beer et. al., “Comparison of Transport Fuels,” Final Report to the Australian Greenhouse Office, 2001. 2) Ayala
Slide 64: NOx Emissions, Diesel Fuel with Aftertreatments
Heavy-Duty Vehicle NOx Emissions, Diesel Fuel with Aftertreatments 35.000 Truck Transit Bus School Bus 30.000 NOx Emissions (g/mile) 25.000 20.000 15.000 10.000 5.000 0.000 Low Sulfur Diesel + ULSD + Trap ULSD + Cat Diesel + Cat D: 500ppmS DPF + EGR 1) T. Beer et. al., “Comparison of Transport Fuels
Slide 65: NOx Emissions, Alternative Fuels
Heavy-Duty Vehicle NOx Emissions, Alternative Fuels 35.000 Truck Transit Bus 30.000 NOx Emissions (g/mile) 25.000 20.000 15.000 10.000 5.000 0.000 D: 500ppmS Biodiesel F-T LNG CNG CNG + Cat LPG (propane) 1) T. Beer et. al., “Comparison of Transport Fuels,” Final Report to the Australian Greenhouse O
Slide 66: Conclusions
Conclusions • Despite the large estimated reductions in diesel PM, ARB predicts that over 250 excess cancer cases per million residents in California will still be attributable to diesel PM in 2020. • Children and other sensitive populations need special protection from the adverse health effects ca
Slide 67: Final Conclusions
Final Conclusions • The advances in diesel technology making new vehicles much cleaner are very positive. However, the NO 2 & NOx increases from new technology still must be addressed. • If diesel vehicles and equipment cannot meet current or future emissions standards, which are designed to protect
Slide 68: Diesel exhaust contains more than 40 toxic air contaminants
Diesel fuel is widely used throughout our society. It powers trucks that deliver products to our communities, buses that carry us to school and work, agricultural equipment that plants and harvests our food, and backup generators that can provide electricity during emergencies. It is also used for m
Slide 69: Diesel exhaust increases the risk of cancer
working near diesel equipment face exposure to higher levels of diesel exhaust and face higher health risks. What are the health effects of diesel exhaust? As we breathe, the toxic gases and small particles of diesel exhaust are drawn into the lungs. The microscopic particles in diesel exhaust are l
Slide 70: Diesel exhaust contributes to smog and fine-particle pollution
Like all fuel-burning equipment, diesel engines produce nitrogen oxides, a common air pollutant in California. Nitrogen oxides can damage lung tissue, lower the body’s resistance to respiratory infection and worsen chronic lung diseases, such as asthma. They also react with other pollutants in the a
Slide 71: Evaluating the Emission Reduction Benefits of WMATA Natural Gas Buses
Evaluating the Emission Reduction Benefits of PROJECT IMPACT This project demonstrated the emission reduction performance WMATA Natural Gas Buses of natural gas transit buses versus conventional diesel counterparts: To help alleviate this air pollution, the Washington, DC the natural gas buses had 5
Slide 72: WMATA Test Results and Conclusions
Each test bus was run, without stopping, through four con- secutive CBD cycles on the dynamometer. The first cycle was a warm-up cycle; the cumulative emissions from the final three cycles were collected and measured. Measured emissions included total hydrocarbons (THC), non-methane hydrocar- bons (
Slide 73: Engine, Bus and Truck Manufacturers
Engine, Bus and Truck Manufacturers Organization Description Blue Bird Corporation manufactures and markets a full product line of Blue Bird Corporation school, transit, and shuttle buses. Special options are available on many vehicles, including engines that can be fueled with either CNG or LNG. Ca
Slide 74: International Truck and Engine's Green Diesel Technology
This site promotes the International Truck and Engine Corporation's Green International Truck and Diesel Technology, which uses a combination of a catalyzed particulate filter, Engine's Green Diesel low sulfur diesel fuel, and a specialized engine design to lower emissions and Technology odors from
Slide 75: Bus Manufacturers and Fleet Resources
industries. Thomas Built Buses is one of North America's largest full-line bus Thomas Built Buses manufacturers offering products in school transportation, commercial transit, and specialty markets. Trolley Enterprises designs and manufactures hybrid electric and propane Trolley Enterprises fueled t
Clean Energy Fuels — Investor Presentation (January 2004) on 6ix