Slide 1: SPE 147206: Fracturing Fluid Comprised of Components Sourced Solely from the Food Industry
SPE 147206: Fracturing Fluid Comprised of Components Sourced Solely from the Food Industry Provides Superior Proppant Transport David Loveless, Jeremy Holtsclaw, Rajesh Saini, Phil Harris and Jeff Fleming Halliburton 2011 SPE ATCE in Denver Nov 1, 2011
Slide 2: Why are we doing this? Hydraulic Fracturing Concerns
Why are we doing this? Hydraulic Fracturing Concerns • Use water and chemicals • Development near high-population areas (Northeast - USA) Citizens are concerned about chemicals used in fracturing fluids Safety Concerns • Environmental pollution • Groundwater contamination • Health effects • Competit
Slide 3: Need for Environmental Fracturing Fluid
Need for Environmental Fracturing Fluid • Characteristic matching traditional fluids – Viscosity, fluid loss, proppant transport, conductivity etc. • Food is considered safe • Use the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 21 as a guideline for green • Criteria was to use chemicals found in the CFR 21 fo
Slide 4: SFI Fracturing Fluid
SFI Fracturing Fluid Sourced Entirely From the Food Industry SFI- crosslinked gel SFI- crosslinked gel SFI- linear gel with proppant
Slide 5: Comparative Proppant Transport Studies of Fluids
Comparative Proppant Transport Studies of Fluids Fluid Systems [Representative for 80-140°F] – SFI crosslinked fluid (40 lb/Mgal) – Borate crosslinked Guar (25 lb/Mgal) – Viscoelastic surfactant (VES) fluid (50 gal/Mgal) – Linear Xanthan based fluid (58 lb/Mgal) Proppant Transport/Support Evaluation
Slide 6: Steady-Shear Viscosity Performance on HP/HT Viscometer
Steady-Shear Viscosity Performance on HP/HT Viscometer SFI fluid Guar/borate • Proppant would settle 86% slower in guar/borate and SFI fluid in comparison to VES fluid • Stokes’ equation only considers viscous settling and does not account elastic contribution
Slide 7: Small-Amplitude Oscillatory Shear Tests
Small-Amplitude Oscillatory Shear Tests Used 22.5 ml concentric cylinder DIN geometry at 5% applied strain within the linear viscoelastic region of all four fluids Faster relaxation Longer relaxation Fast proppant settling Slow proppant settling Guar/borate > VES fluid > Xanthan = SFI fluid
Slide 8: Slurry Viscometer Test Results
Slurry Viscometer Test Results Used 8 lbm/gal of 20/40 mesh Ottawa sand at 140°F, 500psi in Slurry Viscometer Measure increase in torque as the sand settles. All fluids maintained a mobile proppant bed for 75 min
Slide 9: Slot-Flow Test Setup
Slot-Flow Test Setup • Fluid rate 5 gal/min • Proppant concentration 1-5 lb/gal (Ottawa Sand) • Test conducted at ambient temperature
Slide 10: Slot-Flow Test Guar/Borate Crosslinked Fluid
Slot-Flow Test Guar/Borate Crosslinked Fluid Crosslinked Guar/borate gel 5 lb/gal 20/40 Ottawa Sand • Good proppant transport under dynamic conditions • Settling of proppant observed when pumping stopped • Proppant dunes formed due to loss of crosslinker not picked by pumping additional crosslinked
Slide 11: Slot-Flow Test Linear Xanthan Fluid
Slot-Flow Test Linear Xanthan Fluid • Poor proppant transport throughout the test • No settling beyond entrance in slot model Summary of Slot-Flow Test Results Test Conditions Guar/Borate Linear Xanthan VES SFI Fluid (20/40 Ottawa Sand) 1 Ib/gal Even distribution Dune near entrance Slight density Se
Slide 12: Slot-Flow Test VES Fluid
Slot-Flow Test VES Fluid • Poor proppant transport • Settling throughout the length of the slot model Summary of Slot-Flow Test Results Test Conditions (20/40 Ottawa Guar/Borate Linear Xanthan VES SFI Fluid Sand) 1 Ib/gal Even distribution Dune near entrance Even distribution Slight density Severe s
Slide 13: Slot-Flow Test SFI Crosslinked Fluid
Slot-Flow Test SFI Crosslinked Fluid • Excellent proppant transport • No settling when pumping stopped • Proppant dunes formed due to loss of crosslinker picked by pumping additional crosslinked fluid • Fluid moved proppant in one continuous slug Summary of Slot-Flow Test Results Test Conditions (20
Slide 14: Static Proppant Settling Column Test
Static Proppant Settling Column Test Used 13 inch tall, 1-L graduated cylinder containing 1 lb/gal 20/40 mesh proppant
Slide 15: Summary of Proppant Transport Tests
Summary of Proppant Transport Tests A ranking of 1 indicates the best performance out of the four fluids. Where the performance of the fluids was indistinguishable, more than one fluid is ranked with the same number. Steady Fluid Shear Slurry Static System Viscosity SAOS Viscosmeter Slot-Flow Column
Slide 16: Thanks for Your Attention
Thanks for Your Attention