Wartsila Oyj Abp · OMXHEX:WRT1V
Wartsila Oyj Abp — Wärtsilä — Hållbara transporter 2008
35 slides from Wartsila Oyj Abp's conference presentation, Oct 14, 2008
Slide 1: Alternative Fuels for Ships
ALTERNATIVE FUELS FOR SHIPS Oskar Levander Director R&D Ship Power R&D Hållbara transporter 2008 Stockholm, 14.10.2008 1 © Wärtsilä
Slide 2: Introduction
Introduction This presentation contains views on alternative fuels for ships. The aim is to look at which new fuels show potential for ship use and what the technical and economical feasibility is of their introduction. 2 © Wärtsilä
Slide 3: Development driver for ship propulsion
Development driver for ship propulsion • Environment – Emission reduction • NOX emissions • SOX emissions – The next step will be climate change • Greenhouse gases • Focus on CO2 emissions • Fuel cost – Increasing oil prices 3 © Wärtsilä
Slide 4: IMO NOx – New buildings
IMO NOx – New buildings Revised Marpol Annex VI Proposal by IMO BLG 12 18 Tier I - 130 kW - New ships 2000 16 Tier II - 130 kW - New ships 2011 14 Tier III - 600 kW - New ships 2016 in designated areas 12 NOx (g/kWh) 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 16
Slide 5: IMO Regulations for SOx
IMO Regulations for SOx Fuel sulphur caps: Globally: – Max. 4.5% S Current limit – Max. 3.5% S from 1 Jan 2012 – Max. 0.5% S from 1 Jan 2020 SECA areas (Baltic, North Sea, etc): – Max. 1.5% S Current limit – Max. 1.0% S from 1 March 2010 – Max. 0.1% S from 1 Jan 2015 Abatement technologies including
Slide 6: What are the options?
What are the options? How to meet the emission limits after 2016 when operating inside SECA (NOx) areas: – HFO + Scrubber + SCR – Distillate fuels + SCR – Alternative liquid fuels + SCR – Gaseous fuels 6 © Wärtsilä
Slide 7: Fuel prices
7 USD/MBtu © Wärtsilä Ja 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 n- 0 M 0 ay -0 Se 0 p- 0 Ja 0 n- 0 M 1 Fuel prices ay -0 Se 1 p- 0 Ja 1 n- 0 M 2 ay -0 Se 2 p- 02 Ja n- 0 M 3 ay -0 Sources: www.lngoneworld.com, www.bunkerworld.com, LR Fairplay Se 3 p- 03 Ja n- 0 M 4 ay -0 MGO Rotterdam [USD/MBtu] Se 4 p- 0 Ja 4 n- 0
Slide 8: Ship cost structure
Ship cost structure PANAMAX TANKER Admin/Management Stores & lubes 3% Sales 2% 1% Repairs & Insurance Maintenance (R&M) 1% Capital costs 3% 15 % Manning Cargo handling 7% costs 1% Canal tolls & misc 3% Port dues 7% Bunkers 58 % 15 year financing, 6% interest HFO = 400 €/ton Total annual cost: 13 000
Slide 9: Fresh Water Scrubber System
Fresh Water Scrubber System Exhaust Gas Closed loop works with freshwater, to which CLOSED LOOP NaOH is added for the = neutralization of SOx. Zero discharge in enclosed area NaOH unit pH pH Fresh water Scrubber Water Treatment Cooling Holding tank Process tank Seawater Sludge tank 9 © Wärtsilä
Slide 10: SCR system
SCR system Selective Catalytic Reactor Urea Tank Control Unit Dosing Unit Pumping Unit 10 © Wärtsilä
Slide 11: What are the options?
What are the options? How to meet the emission limits after 2016 when operating inside SECA (NOx) areas: – HFO + Scrubber + SCR – Distillate fuels + SCR – Alternative liquid fuels + SCR – Gaseous fuels 11 © Wärtsilä
Slide 12: Alternatives to oil
Alternatives to oil What are the alternatives to oil? – Bio fuels – Hydrogen – Synthetic fuels – Natural gas 12 © Wärtsilä
Slide 13: Bio fuels
Bio fuels Biofuel combustion Feedstock CO2 CO2 crop growth Fuel production 13© Wärtsilä © Wärtsilä
Slide 14: Bio fuels
Bio fuels Wide variety of different bio fuels. No common standard. Typical bio-oils: – Palm oil – Soy bean oil – Rapeseed oil – Sunflower oil – Recycled cooking oil – Animal fat 14© Wärtsilä © Wärtsilä
Slide 15: Bio fuels
Bio fuels Bio diesels will not require any big technical changes in ships However: – Can bio fuels be produced in a cost efficient way? – Can bio fuels be produced in large quantities in a sustainable and morally correct way • Food price • Available agricultural land – Bio fuels will not solve the N
Slide 16: Hydrogen
Hydrogen • H2 is not a primary energy source, it must be produced either by: – Reforming of fossil fuels – Electrolyses of water • Is suitable for fuel cells and some internal combustion engines • Efficiency of total “well to propeller” chain must be considered when evaluating H2 16 © Wärtsilä
Slide 17: LNG as a marine fuel
LNG as a marine fuel 17 © Wärtsilä
Slide 18: What is natural gas?
What is natural gas? – Natural gas is mostly methane (CH4) – Methane contains the highest amount of energy per unit of carbon of any fossil fuel • Carbon to hydrogen ratio 1 / 4 (gasoline: 1 / 2,25) • Lower CO2 emissions H – Natural gas is: • A very safe fuel C Ethane (C2H6) • Non-toxic H H • Lighte
Slide 19: Cleaner Exhaust Emissions with LNG
Cleaner Exhaust Emissions with LNG • 30% lower CO2 – Thanks to low carbon to hydrogen ratio of fuel • 85% lower NOX – Lean burn concept (high air-fuel ratio) • No SOX emissions – Sulphur is removed from fuel when liquefied • Very low particulate emissions • No visible smoke • No sludge deposits 19 ©
Slide 20: Fuel prices
20 USD/MBtu © Wärtsilä Ja 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 n- 0 M 0 ay -0 Se 0 p- 0 Ja 0 n- 0 M 1 Fuel prices ay -0 Se 1 p- 0 Ja 1 n- 0 M 2 ay -0 Se 2 p- 02 Ja n- 0 M 3 ay -0 Sources: www.lngoneworld.com, www.bunkerworld.com, LR Fairplay Se 3 p- 03 LNG Japan CIF [USD/MBtu] Ja MGO Rotterdam [USD/MBtu] n- 0 M 4
Slide 21: Dual-fuel engine characteristics
Dual-fuel engine characteristics – High efficiency – Low gas pressure – Low emissions, due to: • High efficiency • Clean fuel • Lean burn combustion – Fuel flexibility • Gas mode • Diesel mode – Two engine models • Wärtsilä 34DF • Wärtsilä 50DF Wärtsilä 6L50DF 21 © Wärtsilä
Slide 22: LNG fuelled ships in operation
LNG fuelled ships* in operation Ship name Ship type Owner Year built Installed power Glutra Ferry Fjord1 (NO) 2000 2 700 kW Viking Energy PSV Eidesvik (NO) 2003 8 080 kW Stril Pioneer PSV Simon Mokster (NO) 2003 8 080 kW Pioneer Knutsen LNGC Knutsen OAS (NO) 2004 1 280 kW Bergensfjord Ferry Fjord1 (
Slide 23: LNG fuelled PSV: Viking Energy
LNG fuelled PSV: Viking Energy PSV Viking Energy (2003) Owners: Eidesvik AS Mökster Shipping Builder: Kleven Verft Main particulars: – Gross 4000 GT – Length 94,9 m – Beam 20,4 m – Speed 17,2 knots – LNG tank 220 m3 – 4 x Wärtsilä 6L32DF gensets – Power 4 x 2020 kW Total 8080 kW 23 © Wärtsilä
Slide 24: Dual-fuel-electric LNG carrier deliveries
Dual-fuel-electric LNG carrier deliveries 2250 7 shipyards 2000 11 ship owners 52 ships 1750 Installed power [ MW ] 1500 1250 1000 750 500 250 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Estimated ship delivery date 25 © Wärtsilä
Slide 25: LNG development projects
LNG development projects Wärtsilä is actively developing solutions for LNG fuelled passenger vessel: – 10 000 gt Cruise Ferry – 30 000 gt RoPax – BIG LNG – 65 000 gt PaxCar Ferry – 125 000 gt Cruise ship 26 © Wärtsilä
Slide 26: LNG Cruise Ship concept
LNG Cruise Ship concept 27 © Wärtsilä
Slide 27: Keep it clean
Keep it clean CO2 NOX SOX 120 % 100 % CO2 -30% 80 % NOX -85% 60 % SOX -99.9% 40 % 20 % 0% HFO DF 28 © Wärtsilä
Slide 28: Keep it simple
Keep it simple Bunkering station DF-engine Gas valve unit Storage tank Cold box 29 © Wärtsilä
Slide 29: Keep it cool
Keep it cool STORAGE VOLUME (RELATIVE) Fuel Tank Tank room 4,5 4,0 3,5 Volume relative to MDO in DB 3,0 2,5 2,0 1,5 1,0 0,5 0,0 DIESEL LNG (10 bar) 30© Wärtsilä © Wärtsilä
Slide 30: Bunkering
Bunkering – LNG Terminal – Tanker truck – Tanker ship / barge – Land based storage tank Suorce:www.knutsenoas.com 31 © Wärtsilä
Slide 31: LNG in Europe
Import terminal LNG in Europe Export terminal 32© Wärtsilä © Wärtsilä
Slide 32: More efficient ships
More efficient ships - 12% - 2% - 3% - 15% 33 © Wärtsilä
Slide 33: Machinery
Machinery LNG tanks ORC turbine DF Main Engine Fuel Cells DF gensets VS transmission Energopac 34 © Wärtsilä
Slide 34: LNG as a marine fuel: Keep it clean, simple, cool
LNG as a marine fuel: - Keep it clean - Keep it simple - Keep it cool 35 © Wärtsilä
Slide 35: Cruising on gas towards a cleaner tomorrow…
Cruising on gas towards a cleaner tomorrow… 36© Wärtsilä © Wärtsilä