BP plc · LSE:BP.
BP — Investor Presentation (April 2012)
22 slides from BP's investor presentation, April 2012
Slide 1: Truck Roll Over Awareness
Truck Roll Over Awareness BP Road Safety Leadership Team
Slide 2: RollOvers
RollOvers In the blink of an eye . . . In a single moment . . . your vehicle is on its side or upside down. Before you even realize what’s happened, you, and others around you are in harm’s way.
Slide 3: Why? "G" Factors
Why? “G” Factors All vehicles have a “roll-over threshold”, which is the lowest value of lateral acceleration that will cause a vehicle to roll over. The following numbers represent the number of “G’s” required to roll the vehicle. The lower the number, the less stable the vehicle.
Slide 4: Why? "G" Factors
Why? “G” Factors Cars will roll at: 1.2 - 1.3 G Sport Utility Vehicles: about 1 G Pick-up or Jeep: about 0.8 G A fully loaded semi: only needs about 0.4 G
Slide 5: Why? "G" Factors
Why? “G” Factors Cars will roll at: 1.2 - 1.3 G It is very difficult for a car to generate 1.3 G’s in cornering. Because of this inherent stability, cars will slide out of a curve before they will roll over.
Slide 6: Why? "G" Factors
Why? “G” Factors A fully loaded semi will roll at: about 0.4 G It is fairly easy for a fully loaded truck to generate more than 0.4 G’s. Now we can see: cars will skid before they roll over. Trucks will roll over before they will skid.
Slide 7: What Happens in a Roll Over?
What Happens in a Roll Over? The trailer has a higher center of gravity than the tractor, so the inside rear trailer tandems lift first. A cushioning effect from the suspension and body of the trailer absorbs some twisting. The fifth wheel and tractor suspension will also absorb some twisting, but a
Slide 8: What Happens in a Roll Over?
What Happens in a Roll Over? Often the driver will insist that the load has shifted and rolled him over. From his perspective, this is what seems to happen. The load will shift during the roll over, but as a result of the roll over, not the cause.
Slide 9: The Physics Factors
Contributing Causes: The Physics Factors • The arc of the curve and the bank of the roadway • Steepness of the crown of the road • Liquid sloshing: worst case liquid sloshing occurs when tankers are filled to 40-70% capacity, and the tanker is not equipped with baffles
Slide 10: The Physics Factors
Contributing Causes: The Physics Factors • Speed at which you enter the curve or ramp • You need friction to turn: pavement 5 5 friction generated by trucks is less than that generated by a passenger car, but the effective friction demand for trucks is higher. • High crosswinds
Slide 11: Contributing Causes: The Driving Environment
Contributing Causes: The Driving Environment
Slide 12: The Driving Environment
Contributing Causes: The Driving Environment • Tight radius turns • Short deceleration lanes preceding tight radius exits • Curbs on the outside of curves • Downgrades leading into ramps • Unrealistic speed limits for ramps off of high speed highways • Curves with a negative bank (usually for draina
Slide 13: Contributing Causes: The Human Factor
Contributing Causes: The Human Factor
Slide 14: The Human Factor
Contributing Causes: The Human Factor • Driver fatigue • Driver inexperience in transporting loads with a high center of gravity • Drifting off the road, then quickly counter-steering • Failure to anticipate sharp ramp or curve • Entering a turn or ramp too fast • Driver distraction
Slide 15: Contributing Causes: Over Steering
Contributing Causes: Over Steering A truck can only accept a certain amount of steering at a given speed. Any time the driver steers more than the truck can accept, it will rollover. Three reasons why a driver may steer more than the unit can accept: #1: A driver may allow a tyre to drop off the sho
Slide 16: Contributing Causes: Over Steering
Contributing Causes: Over Steering The third reason why a driver may steer more than the unit can accept is by far the most common. #3: A driver may come into a turn or ramp faster than the physics of that particular load will allow. He now has two choices: drive off the road, or fight to keep it on
Slide 17: Speed Adaptation
Contributing Causes: Speed Adaptation Drivers often state: “I did slow down!”, but the facts later prove that it wasn’t enough. Why does this happen? The answer is a phenomenon called “speed adaptation”. As you drive, fixed objects appear to move relative to you. This is called a “Flow Pattern”: • O
Slide 18: Speed Adaptation
Contributing Causes: Speed Adaptation This is an effective device for seeing potential hazards and timing your reaction to those hazards. However, it is not effective or accurate at judging your speed when speeding up or slowing down. This phenomenon of “speed adaptation” causes you to gradually los
Slide 19: Speed Adaptation
Contributing Causes: Speed Adaptation Obviously, once you have underestimated your speed and entered a turn or ramp too fast, it’s too late. The solution to “speed adaptation” is to make it a habit to always check your speedometer before coming into all turns and ramps. You must realize you can no l
Slide 20: Equipment related measures which help prevent rollovers
Equipment related measures which help prevent rollovers Vehicle design, and technology are also playing a part in reducing the risk of rollovers. Examples of these are: • BP’s Minimum Vehicle Standard which requires a Centre of Gravity (COG) of less than 1 • Use of improved vehicle designs utilising
Slide 21: How you can Influence Rollover Contributing Causes
How you can Influence Rollover Contributing Causes • Maintain concentration and be aware of what is going on around you. Take breaks as needed and within regulatory time limits • Keep speed below regulatory and advisory levels and check speedo before cornering • Be aware of the potential for varying
Slide 22: How you can Influence Rollover Contributing Causes
How you can Influence Rollover Contributing Causes • Always make sure tyres are inflated properly • Don’t stack pallets if possible. Keep the load close to the floor and ensure it is properly restrained.