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Balchem — Balchem webinar August 2020
34 slides from Balchem's conference presentation, August 2020
Slide 1: Why Cows Become Hypocalcemic and Steps to Reduce the Impact?
7/31/20 Why Cows Become Hypocalcemic and Steps to Reduce the Impact? Jesse Goff, DVM, PhD Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine 1 I have the following disclosures* related to my presentation: I own a company, GlycoMyr, that produces vitamin supplements for baby pigs and is trying to p
Slide 2: Hypocalcemia & Milk Fever
7/31/20 Decreasing DMI Insufficient Vitamins, Trace Minerals, or Anti-Oxidants Around Calving Negative Energy + Immune Protein Balance Hypocalcemia Suppression Increasing NEFA 50% of cows Lameness Mastitis Ketosis/ Milk Fever Fatty Liver 3% of cows Retained Skeletal muscle Fetal Rumen acidosis Membr
Slide 3: Ca Dynamics at Calving
7/31/20 Ca Dynamics at Calving 1 Day Before Calving Cow needs Ca for maintenance and calf skeletal development ~ 18 g / day. 1st Day of lactation Cow needs Ca for Colostrum, 2nd milk, and maintenance ~ 50 -55 g / day ~ 32 g Extra Ca that must be brought into blood to avoid hypocalcemia on Day 1 of l
Slide 4: Calcium homeostasis and PTH response
7/31/20 Kidney S Ca Urine D Ca PT Glands Ca++ Ca++ Ca++ Ca++ Ca++ Ca++ intestine BONE Ca++ Milk Ca 7 Kidney S Ca Urine PTH D Ca PT PTH Glands Ca++ Ca++ Ca++ Ca++ Ca++ Ca++ intestine BONE Ca++ Milk Ca 8 4
Slide 5: 1,25-D and calcium regulation
7/31/20 Kidney S Ca Urine PTH D Ca PTH 1,25-D PT Glands Ca++ Ca++ Ca++ Ca++ Ca++ Ca++ intestine BONE Ca++ Milk Ca 9 Kidney S Ca Urine PTH D Ca 1,25-D PT PTH S Ca Glands Ca++ Ca++ Ca++ Ca++ Ca++ Ca++ intestine BONE Ca++ Milk Ca 10 5
Slide 6: Why doesn't Ca Homeostasis work for all cows?
7/31/20 Why doesn’t Ca Homeostasis work for all cows??? Aged cows lose vitamin D receptors in intestine Aged cows have fewer sites of active bone resorption (fewer osteoclasts) capable of responding to PTH rapidly BLOOD pH AFFECTS TISSUE RESPONSIVENESS TO PTH! 11 High DCAD diets cause Alkalosis & mi
Slide 7: PTH receptor and pH effects
7/31/20 A. pH=7.35 B. pH=7.45 C. pH=7.35 Normal Mg Normal Mg Hypomagnesemia PTH PTH PTH Receptor ++ Receptor ++ Receptor Mg Mg Adenyl Adenyl Adenyl cyclase cyclase cyclase complex complex complex Cyclic AMP Cyclic AMP Cyclic AMP 13 Kidney S Ca Urine PTH D Ca X 1,25-D PT PTH S Ca Glands Ca++ X X Ca++
Slide 8: Kidney, intestine and bone calcium responses
7/31/20 Kidney A. PTH reduces urine Ca loss to ~ zero within minutes. Brings <1 g Ca into blood. B. Synthesis of 1,25-(OH)2vitamin D increases within 10 hrs (acidic) -20 hrs (alkaline) Intestine 12-24 hr for 1,25-(OH)2vitamin D to increase proteins involved in Ca absorption. Amount of Ca brought int
Slide 9: The DCAD Strategy
7/31/20 THE DCAD STRATEGY #1. “REDUCE DIETARY POTASSIUM” so cow is not as alkaline - Use forage from fields with no manure application - Warm season grasses (corn!) accumulate less K than cool season grasses - As plants mature they contain lower K concentration (straw!) 17 THE DCAD STRATEGY #1. “RED
Slide 10: Anion sources and urine pH
7/31/20 2 Eq of each anion source fed 8.5 Urine pH 8.0 Elemental Sulfur 7.5 water Mg sulfate 7.0 Ca sulfate NH4 chloride H2SO4 Ca chloride 6.5 6.0 HCl 5.5 Goff, et al 2006 19 THE DCAD STRATEGY Anions added to the diet acidify the blood, improving tissue responsiveness to PTH! Choosing the right anio
Slide 11: Dry matter intake relative to calving
7/31/20 Dry matter intake relative to calving Treatments Dry matter intake (kg DMday) 15.0 Applied to all study cows by this time 13.0 11.0 9.0 Anionic Salts 7.0 Soychlor 5.0 -43 -40 -37 -34 -31 -28 -25 -22 -19 -16 -13 -10 -7 -4 -1 Days before calving Strydom & Swiegart, 2016 ADSA 21 THE DCAD STRATE
Slide 12: Optimal Acidification
7/31/20 -400 -200 0 +200 +400 Diet Cation-Anion Difference (Na + K ) – (Cl + SO4-) mEq/kg + + - Adapted from Constable et al., 2017; Spanghero, 2004; and Charbonneau et al., 2006 23 Insufficient Acidification Marginally Beneficial Acidification Optimal Acidification Danger of Excessive Acidification
Slide 13: Optimal Acidification
7/31/20 Insufficient Acidification Marginally Beneficial Acidification Optimal Acidification Danger of Excessive Acidification OVER ACIDIFIED!! -400 -200 0 +200 +400 Diet Cation-Anion Difference (Na + K ) – (Cl + SO4-) mEq/kg + + - Adapted from Constable et al., 2017; Spanghero, 2004; and Charbonnea
Slide 14: Optimal Acidification: Soychlor
7/31/20 Insufficient Acidification Marginally Beneficial Acidification Optimal Acidification Danger of Excessive Acidification OVER ACIDIFIED!! -400 -200 0 +200 +400 Diet Cation-Anion Difference (Na + K ) – (Cl + SO4-) mEq/kg + + - Adapted from Constable et al., 2017; Spanghero, 2004; and Charbonnea
Slide 15: Optimal Acidification and DCAD equations
7/31/20 Anionic salts = chloride and sulfate Insufficient Acidification Marginally Beneficial Acidification DCAD ~ -125 Optimal Acidification Danger of Excessive Acidification OVER ACIDIFIED!! Shift right -400 -200 0 +200 +400 + + - - Diet Cation-Anion Difference (Na + K ) – (Cl + SO4 ) mEq/kg Adapt
Slide 16: Optimal Acidification with CaCO3
7/31/20 Anionic salts chloride and sulfate AND adding CaCO3 Insufficient Acidification Marginally Beneficial Acidification DCAD ~ -175 Optimal Acidification Danger of Excessive Acidification OVER ACIDIFIED!! -400 -200 0 +200 +400 + + - - Diet Cation-Anion Difference (Na + K ) – (Cl + SO4 ) mEq/kg Ad
Slide 17: Plasma Ca nadir vs prepartum urine pH
7/31/20 33 10 Plasma Ca Nadir (mg/dl) 9 8 7 6 5 y = -0.1257x2 + 1.1045x + 5.9372 4 r = 0.39 3 2 1 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 Prepartum Urine pH Goff Lab - unpublished 34 17
Slide 18: Urine pH, blood calcium and displaced abomasum
7/31/20 [tCa] (mmol/L) = -3.93 + 1.89*(UpH) -0.14*(UpH)2 -0.01*(days to calving) - 0.03*(parity number) (r2 = 0.155) Melendez et al., ADSA 2020 abstr # 81659 35 Mecitoglu et al., 2016 Fed 115 cows anionic salts and had 13 cows (11%) develop LDA. Found cows with LDA had had lower urine pH than non-LD
Slide 19: Minerals/DCAD for Close-up Diets
7/31/20 Minerals/DCAD for Close-up Diets Phos at .25-.31% Mg at .4% to use passive absorption!! S between .22 and .4% Ca at .85-1.3% ?? Na at .1-.15% K as close to 1% as possible Enough Chloride to ê urine pH. 37 In addition to stimulating intestinal Ca transport 1,25-(OH)2Vitamin D al
Slide 20: Blood phosphorus and FGF-23
7/31/20 Blood Phosphorus 1,25-(OH)2Vitamin D Bone Kidney FGF-23 FGF-23 Kidney Bone 1,25-(OH)2Vitamin D Blood Phosphorus 39 Blood Phosphorus 1,25-(OH)2Vitamin D Bone Kidney FGF-23 FGF-23 Kidney Bone 1,25-(OH)2Vitamin D Blood Phosphorus Ca absorption 40 20
Slide 21: Prepartum phosphorus studies
7/31/20 Peterson et al., 2005 Pre-partum diet of cows was either 0.21, 0.31, or 0.44 % Phosphorus Cows fed 0.44% P diets had lower blood Ca around the time of calving than did cows in lower P treatments. Cows fed 0.21% P had blood P within the normal range (4-6 mg/dl) and showed no adverse effects i
Slide 22: Phosphorus effects on calcium regulation
7/31/20 Kidney S Ca Urine PTH D Ca X 1,25-D PT PTH S Ca X X Glands Ca++ Ca++ Ca++ Ca++ Ca++ Ca++ intestine BONE Ca++ Milk Ca Goff, Liesegang & Horst J Dairy Sci 2014 43 Kidney S Ca Urine PTH D Ca 1,25-D PT PTH S Ca Glands Ca++ Ca++ Ca++ Ca++ Ca++ Ca++ intestine BONE Ca++ Milk Ca 44 22
Slide 23: Minerals/DCAD for Close-up Diets: Magnesium
7/31/20 Minerals/DCAD for Close-up Diets Phos at .25-.31% Mg at .4% to use passive absorption!! S between .22 and .4% Ca at .85-1.3% ?? Na at .1-.15% K as close to 1% as possible Enough Chloride to ê urine pH. 45 Magnesium Adult Ruminants absorb diet Mg across rumen wall only! Mg insol
Slide 24: Hypomagnesemia and magnesium sources
7/31/20 Hypomagnesemia Blood Mg < 1.9 mg/dl within 12 hrs of calving indicates inadequate dietary absorption of Mg. -secondary hypocalcemia (common cause of mid-lactation “milk fevers” -Depressed feed intake, depressed rumen fermentation (Ammerman, et.al., 1971) -Tetany in grazing dairy ( below 1.2
Slide 25: Milk Fever Prevention Strategies
7/31/20 Testing Magnesium Oxide Availability Weigh out 3 g MgO into large vessel. Add 40 ml of 5% acetic acid (white vinegar) slowly!! Cap container and shake well and let sit 30 minutes. Check the pH. Vinegar will be pH 2.6-2.8! The best MgO will bring the pH up to 8.2. The worst to just 3.8. pH is
Slide 26: Milk Fever Prevention Strategies
7/31/20 Feeding a Ca-deficient diet before calving prevents milk fever!! Solid line = 8 g Ca / day Dashed line = 80 g Ca / day Green et al., 1980 51 Milk Fever Prevention Strategies 1. Avoid high potassium forages for close-up cows so cows are less alkaline 2. Add anions (Cl or Sulfate) to diet to r
Slide 27: Zeolite A
7/31/20 Zeolite A In a test tube the sodium aluminosilicate can bind 1 g of Ca for every 10 g zeolite. Seems to bind phosphate and magnesium as well. Transient reduction blood Mg and Phos. 53 Kerwin et al., 2019 Added 0.5 kg zeolite to a diet that was 0.65 % Ca , 0.39% Phos, and 0.42% Mg with DCAD o
Slide 28: Milk Fever Prevention
7/31/20 DMI Treatment X week P= 0.04 Rumination rate significantly decreased with zeolite prepartum.P=0.03 55 Milk Fever Prevention 1. Avoid very high potassium forages for close-up cows; practiced by most dairies in US. 2. Add anions (Cl or Sulfate) to diet to reduce blood and urine pH; various for
Slide 29: Milk Fever Prevention
7/31/20 Milk Fever Prevention 1. Avoid very high potassium forages for close-up cows; practiced by most dairies in US. 2. Add anions (Cl or Sulfate) to diet to reduce blood and urine pH; various forms practiced. 3. Diet Mg = 0.4% and available 4. Reduce diet Ca to stimulate parathyroid hormone relea
Slide 30: Vitamin D-independent Passive Transport of Ca
7/31/20 Vitamin D-independent Passive Transport of Ca ++ Ionized Ca Ca++ Ca++ Ca++Ca Ca++ Ca++ above 6 mM Ca++ Ca++ 60 Vitamin D-independent Passive Transport of Ca ++ Ca++ Ca++++ Ca++Ca Ca++ Ca Ca++ Ca++ 61 30
Slide 31: Vitamin D-independent Passive Transport of Ca
7/31/20 Vitamin D-independent Passive Transport of Ca Ca++ Ca++ Ca++ Ca++ Ca++ Ca++ Ca++ Ca++ 62 Vitamin D-independent Passive Transport of Ca Ca++ Ca++ Ca++ Ca++ Ca++ Ca++ Ca++ Ca++ 63 31
Slide 32: Plasma Ca after oral calcium chloride
7/31/20 Plasma Ca (mg/dl) 18 17 Plasma Ca mg/dl 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 50 g of Ca as Ca chloride 9 100 g of Ca as Ca chloride 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Hours after treatment Goff et al., 1993. J. Dairy Sci. 64 Routine use of IV Calcium at calving may cause more subclinical hypocalcemia 1-2 days after treatment
Slide 33: Oral bolus, gel, drench minerals
7/31/20 Oral bolus, gel , drench minerals – which ones to use? To raise blood Ca quickly by providing rapidly ionized Ca: Calcium chloride – also acidifying Calcium propionate – also gluconeogenic Calcium formate, acetate, or lactate To supply Mg soluble in rumen to raise blood Mg: Mg sulfate.7 H2O
Slide 34: McArt et al., 2020 J Dairy Science
7/31/20 Journal of Dairy Science 2020 103, 690-701DOI: (10.3168/jds.2019-17191) McArt et al., 2020 J Dairy Science 68 Decreasing DMI Insufficient Vitamins, Trace Minerals, or Anti-Oxidants High DCAD Around Calving Or Low Mg or High Phos diets Negative Energy + Immune Protein Balance Suppression Hypo