Xcel Energy Inc. · NASDAQ:XEL
Xcel Energy — Technical Presentation (2010)
26 slides from Xcel Energy's technical presentation, 2010
Slide 1: Life after R-22: Refrigerant Selection Considerations
Life after R-22 Refrigerant Selection Considerations Daniel Dettmers (djdettme@wisc.edu) (djdettme@wisc edu) HVAC&R Center/Industrial Refrigeration Consortium University of Wisconsin www.irc.wisc.edu (866) 635-4721 What is a Refrigerant? Refrigerant - the vital working fluid in refrigeration, refrig
Slide 2: Evolution of Modern Refrigerants
Evolution of Modern Refrigerants Domestic refrigerators used toxic or flammable fluids (i.e. Ammonia, CO2, and SO2) Frigidaire asked GM to develop new refrigerants that were non-toxic, non-flammable, and inexpensive. Work began in 1928, with Tom Midgley, Jr. developing R-21 in just three days
Slide 3: Ozone Depletion from Chlorine; ODP and GWP
Ozone Depletion from Chlorine O3 Cl Cl C F F Cl O2 Dettmers2010 Dettmers 2/8/07 ODP and GWP Same as 1.0 CFC-11 ODP or CO2 Ozone Depletion Potential Damage substance does to the ozone layer, relative to CFC-11 GWP Gl b l Warming Global W i Potential P t ti l Contribution of substance to the atmos
Slide 4: Refrigerant Selection Criteria
Refrigerant Selection Criteria Safety, risk & regulation Environmental impacts Likelihood of future availability Refrigerant properties Toxicity & flammability Thermodynamic & transport Other Economics Operating efficiency Capital costs (refrigerant & equipment) Staff capabilit
Slide 5: Phaseout Schedule
Phaseout Schedule HCFCs CFCs Ban on new Stop Stop equipment Production Ban in new Stop Production HCFC-22 HCFC-22 equipment Production CFCs All other All other HCFCs HCFCs 1996 2010 2020 2030 Dettmers2010 Dettmers 2/8/07 HCFC Phaseout Schedule % Reduction in National Consumption 100% HCFC-22 HCFC-22
Slide 6: HCFC Phaseout Schedule -2007
HCFC Phaseout Schedule -2007 % Reduction in National Consumption of HCFC’s 100 Cap at 1989 ODP- weighted HCFC + 2.8% CFC consumption. 35% 80 reduction of cap 60 75% reduction of cap (formerly 40 65%) 99.5% reduction of cap, cap but b t 0% 90% allocation to R- 20 reduction of 22 cap 0% 0 Dettmers2010
Slide 7: ASHRAE Standard 34-2004 Refrigerant Classification
ASHRAE Standard 34-2004 Refrigerant Classification Coming Soon: Flammability classification “2L” 2L Refrigerant is still mildly flammable (2) but will have Lower Flammability Lower propagation rate Similar to ISO 817 category g y 2L Proposed change for ASHRAE Standard 34 Targeted at refr
Slide 8: ASHRAE Numbering System
ASHRAE Numbering System From ASHRAE Standard 34 Single Component Fluorocarbons 000 Series - Methane Based Molecules 100 Series - Ethane Based 200 Series - Propane Based Fluids 300 Series - Butane Based Mixtures 400 Series - Zeotropic Blends (or “Non-Azeotropic”) 500 Series - Azeotrop
Slide 9: Refrigerant Mixtures
Refrigerant Mixtures Zeotropes (Blends or Simple Mixtures) R-400 series Tend to average properties Segregate (Easy to separate) Offer greatest flexibility Azeotropes R-500 series Behave like pure fluid Higher or lower B.P. than components Non segregating (Difficult to separate) S
Slide 10: R-22 Outlook
R-22 Outlook Will there be shortages of: R R-22? 22? Replacement parts? EPA has a DRAFT report on HCFC’s to see if cap reductions are possible It is a preliminary draft report, not to be cited Dettmers2010 Dettmers 2/8/07 Prediction of R-22 Use Estimated Number of R- R-22 Units Installed En
Slide 11: Where Do We Get the R-22
Where Do We Get the R-22 Virgin supply The HCFC cap does not prohibit R R-22 22 from manufacture until 2020 The cap is for all HCFC’s, so the EPA decides what to allocate to R-22 and to other HCFC’s Recovery/Recycling/Reclaim Recycled R l d refrigerant fi t iin owner’s ’ system t only l
Slide 12: HCFC Phaseout Schedule -2007
Total Projected R-22 Servicing Demand Source: The U.S. Phaseout of HCFC, U.S. EPA Dettmers2010 Dettmers 2/8/07 HCFC Phaseout Schedule -2007 % Reduction in National Consumption of HCFC’s 100 Cap at 1989 ODP- weighted HCFC + 2.8% CFC consumption. 35% 80 reduction of cap 60 75% reduction of cap (former
Slide 13: Further Reductions in R-22
Further Reductions in R-22 40 CFR Part 82: Protection of Stratospheric Ozone: Adjustments to the Allowance System for Controlling HCFC Production, Prod ction Import, Import and E Export port December 7, 2009 Projected to result in 27.5 million lb/year shortfall of virgin refrigerant (numbers f
Slide 14: What About Equipment?
What About Equipment? January 14th a Fact Sheet was issued to clarify the EPA EPA’ss position http://www.epa.gov/ozone/title6/phaseout/rule soverview.html Items allowed: Sale and distribution would be allowed for self-contained, lf t i d ffactory-charged t h d appliances li such as pre-charg
Slide 15: What About Equipment? What Are The Alternatives?
What About Equipment? Items allowed, continued: Servicing of existing (pre-2010) appliances containing R-22 or R- 142b would be allowed. allowed A pre-charged component manufactured before Jan. 1 could be used to service an existing appliance. The EPA gave an example: “The regulatory text for
Slide 16: Conversion
Conversion Is there a magic Silver Bullet fluid to allow for an easy conversion? Of course not “Drop-ins” are typically defined as fluids: That have similar properties to R-22 (or original fluid) Can use same lubricants Are not class I or II and not subject to a phase out Can be “dropp
Slide 17: Problems with “Drop-Ins”
Problems with “Drop-Ins” They must have EPA SNAP approval for refrigeration & A/C Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP) Program evaluates and regulates substitutes for the ozone- depleting chemicals Other problems: No true “drop-ins” None are as efficient None are as miscible with M
Slide 18: Why Are Hydrocarbons Used
Why Are Hydrocarbons Used Many of the retrofit blends use hydrocarbons: R-290 (Propane) R-600 R 600 (n-Butane), ( B t ) R-600a R 600 (I (Iso-butane) b t ) R-601a (Iso-pentane) They provide miscibility of the MO/AB with the HFC refrigerant, but not as well as R-22 Problems may occur: Oi
Slide 19: Comparison of R-22 Replacements
Comparison of R-22 Replacements Data developed by Honeywell for refrigeration retrofit Source: EPA, GreenChill Best Practices Guideline Commercial Refrigeration Retrofits Dettmers2010 Dettmers 2/8/07 epa.gov/ozone/partnerships/greenchill/downloads/RetrofitGuidelines.pdf GWP of Popular R-22 Retrofi
Slide 20: Long Term HCFC-22 Alternatives
Long Term HCFC-22 Alternatives Option 1 Option 2 Option 3 Components 134a 32 / 125 32 / 125 / 134a Percentage 100% 50% / 50% 23% / 25% / 52% ASHRAE # R-134a R-410A R-407C Trade names several AZ-20/PuronAC9000/KLEA66 Manufacturers several Allied-Signal DuPont/ICI Glide none 0.2°F 8-10°F Pressure * 20
Slide 21: Alternatives to R-13/R-503
Alternatives to R-13/R-503 CFC 13 & R-503 (40.1/59.9 of R-23/R-13) Traditional refrigerants g for extremely y low temperature refrigeration (below -40°F) applications HFC 23 & R-508B (46/54 of R-23/R-116) GWP of 12,240 and 12,000 respectively Both have no ODP NH3-CO2 Cascade Finding fa
Slide 22: Any New Refrigerants?
Any New Refrigerants? HFO-1234yf A hydrofluoro-olefin y refrigerant g Similar capacity and efficiency to R-134a Targeted at European automotive market as alternative to using R-744 (CO2) in cars No ODP and low GWP (GWP = 4 vs vs. 1340 for R-134a) R 134a) Joint project of Honeywell and
Slide 23: German/European Perspective
German/European Perspective Any ODP unacceptable Any GWP unacceptable Moving to CO2, NH3 and propane CO2 can be used be used directly or with a secondary refrigerant NH3 use w/ secondary Propane used in small stand alone unit Dettmers2010 Dettmers 2/8/07 What About The U.S.? EPA’s Gree
Slide 24: What About The U.S.?
What About The U.S.? Analysis of HFC Production and Consumption Controls Released October 2009 Preliminary analysis of potential benefits for controlling consumption of HFCs No legislation pending Would count on HFO’s, natural and low GWP blends to fill the gap Dettmers2010 Dettmers 2/8/07
Slide 25: Unacceptable Substitute Refrigerants
Unacceptable Substitute Refrigerants Substitute (Name Used in the Federal ODS Being Replaced End-uses Reason Register) All flammable refrigerants, including OZ- Lack of adequate assessment that 12® (Hydrocarbon Blend A), HC-12a® Motor vehicle air conditioning, retrofit and CFC-12 characterizes incre
Slide 26: What’s the Danger of HC’s?
Pure Hydrocarbon as Refrigerants Be certain the have SNAP approval Beware of another HC “drop-in” drop in marketed for R-22 systems No SNAP approval Sometimes called a HC or Alkane refrigerant “Drop-in” Propane Hazardous ingredient Alkane Propane is Alkane Lower Flammability Limit (LEL) 2.15