Slide 1: The Interaction of Genetics and Nutrition
The Interaction of Genetics and Nutrition
Slide 2: Setting the stage
Setting the stage • I’m a geneticist, not a nutritionist • Goal for today is three-fold: • Share how the pig is changing over time • Focus on the traits and the biology, to provide an expectation • Demonstrate the speed of this change • Objectives: • Using examples, demonstrate change is occurring •
Slide 3: Conclusions
Conclusions • The rate of genetic change today, due to genomic selection, is 25- 40% higher than it was 5 years ago • This higher rate of genetic gain means that the management and nutrition program must change at a rate faster than we’ve ever done • The nutrition of the sow is the hardest to resear
Slide 4: How is the sow changing?
How is the sow changing?
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Slide 6: Biological Model
Biological Model Pig Quality Litter Size Maternal Environment 14-14-21
Slide 7: Biological Model – Litter Size
Biological Model – Litter Size • Live Pigs at Day 5: LP5 • Began in 2004 • Increases litter size Pig Quality • Eliminates sows of high total born with poor survival Litter Size Maternal Environment • Reduces stillborn rate • 0.98 correlation to number weaned 14-14-21
Slide 8: Su et al. (2007, JAS)
Su et al. (2007, JAS) • Developed the concept of LP5 • 7519 Landrace sows, 9310 litters, 22 farms • 5569 Yorkshire sows, 6861 litters, 21 farms • Response to a decade of selection for total number born • +3 pig improvement in total born • Increasing pre-weaning mortality • Decreasing pig birth weigh
Slide 9: When do pigs die? Su et al. (2007)
When do pigs die? Su et al. (2007)
Slide 10: Why LP5? (Su et al. 2007)
Why LP5? (Su et al. 2007) Landrace Yorkshire Trait TNB NBA LP5 NW Trait TNB NBA LP5 NW TNB 0.07 0.6 0.34 0.29 TNB 0.05 0.7 0.58 0.53 NBA 0.08 0.75 0.72 NBA 0.05 0.89 0.87 LP5 0.09 0.99 LP5 0.07 0.99 NW 0.09 NW 0.07 Heritabilities along diagonal, genetic correlation between traits off-diagonal
Slide 11: LP5 and pre-weaning survival
LP5 and pre-weaning survival (Su et al. 2007) Breed Trait TNB NBA LP5 NW Landrace Surv. at Birth -0.28 0.61 0.56 0.58 Surv. at day 5 -0.26 -0.54 0.58 0.61 Surv. at Wean -0.43 0.03 0.32 0.40 Yorkshire Surv. at Birth -0.38 0.41 0.43 0.46 Surv. at day 5 -0.07 0.35 0.71 0.76 Surv. at Wean -0.52 -0.36 -0
Slide 12: Biological Model – Pig Quality
Biological Model – Pig Quality • Pig Birth Weight: LP5 BIRTH WEIGHT • Is a trait of the sow, not of the pig • Is increased by selecting sows that produce heavier pigs at birth Pig Quality • Is not increased by selecting pigs with high birthweight Litter Size Maternal • Selection initiated July 2017,
Slide 13: Why Birth Weight?
Why Birth Weight? Yorkshire Landrace Move mean birth weight by 0.1 kg (0.2 lb) = ~5% improvement in PWM
Slide 14: More about birth weight
More about birth weight Yorkshire Landrace Total Born -0.028 (0.001) -0.027 (0.001) NBA -0.026 (0.001) -0.024 (0.001) Stillborn -0.030 (0.002) -0.021 (0.001) Live Pigs Day 5 -0.007 (0.001) -0.010 (0.001) Each additional total born reduces birth weight by 28/27 grams, LP5 by 7/10 grams.
Slide 15: Impact of birth weight on growth
Impact of birth weight on growth Yorkshire Landrace Duroc Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE On-Test Weight 8.51 0.12 8.86 0.10 7.17 0.09 Off-Test Weight 15.64 0.36 18.31 0.27 15.20 0.27 ADGn 110.05 1.66 113.14 1.31 93.34 1.24 ADGf 83.17 3.29 111.12 2.54 96.83 2.59
Slide 16: 2019 Trend for Maternal Birth Weight
2019 Trend for Maternal Birth Weight 45 38 40 35 29 28 28 30 25 25 25 Grams 19 19 20 15 15 13 12 10 4 5 0 201901 201902 201903 201904 201905 201906 201907 201908 201909 201910 201911 201912 Year-Month Maternal Linear (Maternal)
Slide 17: 2020 Trend for Maternal Birth Weight
2020 Trend for Maternal Birth Weight 30 27 25 23 20 13 14 15 10 11 10 8 Grams 5 0 -1 0 -3 -5 -7 -10 -12 -15 202001 202002 202003 202004 202005 202006 202007 202008 202009 202010 202011 202012 Year-Month Maternal Linear (Maternal)
Slide 18: Phenotypic Trend in LP5 and PWS
Phenotypic Trend in LP5 and PWS 5 4.90 4.5 4 3.76 3.5 3.04 3.10 3 2.5 2 1.53 1.5 1.19 1.23 1.13 1 0.84 0.54 0.5 0.00 0 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 LP5 PWS
Slide 19: Biological Model – Maternal Environment
Biological Model – Maternal Environment MILKING ABILITY TEAT COUNT Pig Quality Litter Size Maternal Environment 14-14-21
Slide 20: Milking Ability
Milking Ability • We had to identify a trait that predicts a sow’s ability to add weaning weight • Data collection began in 2015: • Birth weight (began in 2014) • Foster date, from/to sow, foster weight • Mortality date and weight • Protocol to load sows to functional teat count + 1 pig • Allowed ca
Slide 21: Average Daily Gain Birth to Weaning
Average Daily Gain Birth to Weaning • Like birth weight, the important genetic component is the sow, not the growth potential of the pig • Selection is for sows producing a higher daily gain to weaning for the pigs she is allowed to nurse
Slide 22: Average Daily Gain Birth to Weaning
Average Daily Gain Birth to Weaning • Genetic change: • From 2019 to 2020 = +4 grams • From 2020 to 2021 = +5 grams • Change of +9 grams per day • Over a 21-day lactation = +0.42 lb. wean weight
Slide 23: Wean Weight Phenotypic Trends
Wean Weight Phenotypic Trends 13.6 13.39 13.4 13.2 13 12.77 12.8 12.68 12.6 12.43 12.4 12.23 12.25 12.2 12 11.8 11.6 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Weaning Weight
Slide 24: Commercial Trendline
Commercial Trendline Trends: • TNB = 0.25 pigs per year • NBA = 0.21 pigs per year • PWM = -0.55% per year • GT/Sow Farrowed = 0.25 pigs per year • Total wean weight = +36 lb. per sow per year Sows have maintained weaning weight for an additional 1.5 pigs weaned
Slide 25: Implications for Sow Nutrition
Implications for Sow Nutrition • 1.5 additional pigs • Feeding for increased uterine capacity • Gestation requirements • Maintenance of body condition, while feeding the developing fetus • Sows weaning (lactating) an additional 36 lbs. (16.3) kg per year • 6.8 kg per litter (2.4 litters per year) •
Slide 26: Growth and Efficiency
Growth and Efficiency Z é
Slide 27: Maternal Line Selection Objective
Maternal Line Selection Objective PIG QUALITY 19% TERMINAL 54% LP5 27%
Slide 28: Duroc Selection Objective (prior to August 2021)
Duroc Selection Objective (prior to August 2021) Feed Intake ADG 17% Nursery 22% Loin Depth 9% ADG Finishing 52%
Slide 29: Predicted Response
Predicted Response • Market pigs will have: • Increasing finishing feed intake over time • Higher finishing and nursery growth rate • Increasing carcass muscling • Level to slightly increasing backfat measures • Key relationships are between growth, feed intake and efficiency
Slide 30: Finisher Trend Over Time
Finisher Trend Over Time 2900 2.67 2.7 2.62 2670 2700 2.58 2.6 2500 2420 2.54 2.50 2300 2.46 Feed Intake ~ 1% 2.5 2.43 2100 2.40 Feed:Gain 2.36 2.4 Grams 2.33 1900 2.31 2.3 1700 1500 2.2 ADG ~ 2.5% 1300 1158 2.1 1100 908 900 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Years ADG ADFI F:G
Slide 31: Implications for Grow-Finish Nutrition
Implications for Grow-Finish Nutrition • Feed intake is increasing, but… • At a proportionally slower rate than daily gain • Feed efficiency will continue to improve at about 0.04 units • Selection for a lean pig at a heavy market weight is: • Driving intake and efficiency in late finish • Likely pu
Slide 32: Acceleration of Change
Acceleration of Change
Slide 33: What is Genomic Selection?
What is Genomic Selection? • An improvement in the accuracy of choosing the ‘right’ parents • Its about the relationships: • Without genomics, all littermates assumed to be 50% related • With genomics, at the DNA level, an accurate relationship is calculated • Theoretical range of 0-100% • Most full
Slide 34: Accelerating Trend (per market pig)
Accelerating Trend (per market pig) Mature Herd Size, Increased Intensity Post-Genomic Selection Pre-Genomic Selection 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21
Slide 35: Implications of Genomic Selection
Implications of Genomic Selection • The change in lowly-heritable and sex-limited traits can be up to 50% faster: • Live Pigs at Day 5 • Maternal Birth Weight • Feed Intake • The change in traits measured on all animals increases up to 25% • Growth Rate • Backfat • Loin Depth • The pace of change mu
Slide 36: Conclusions
Conclusions • The rate of genetic change today, due to genomic selection, is 25- 50% higher than it was 5 years ago • This higher rate of genetic gain means that the management and nutrition program must change at a rate faster than we’ve ever done • The nutrition of the sow is the hardest to resear
Slide 37: Questions?
GENETICS== Questions?