Slide 1: Element Mapping (EDS) for the Optimization of Battery Materials and Processes
BRUKER WEBINAR WITH DRAGONFLY ENERGY CORP. Element Mapping (EDS) for the Optimization of Battery Materials and Processes Dr. Igor Nemeth Application scientist Bruker Nano Analytics info.bna@bruker.com Emily Litt Research & Development Scientist and Group Lead Dragonfly Energy Corporation info@dragon
Slide 2: Presenters
ELEMENT MAP P IN G (EDS) F OR TH E OP TIMIZA T I ON OF BATTER Y MATERIALS AND P ROCESSES Presenters ▪ Emily Litt Research & Development Scientist and Group Lead Dragonfly Energy Corporation (US) ▪ Dr. Igor Nemeth Application scientist Bruker Nano Analytics (DE) © 2023 Bruker Bruker Nano Analytics, B
Slide 3: Outline
ELEMENT MAP P IN G (EDS) F OR TH E OP TIMIZA T I ON OF BATTER Y MATERIALS AND P ROCESSES Outline 01 EDS and multi-model analytical applications in Battery Cell R&D 02 EDS analysis for detecting and identifying contaminants in Cathode and Anode 03 Conclusions 04 Question & Answer session © 2023 Bruke
Slide 4: EDS and multi-model analytical applications in Battery Cell R&D
EDS and multi-model analytical applications in Battery Cell R&D Innovation with Integrity
Slide 5: EDS Applications in Battery Cell R&D
Revolutionizing Green Energy Storage. EDS Applications in Battery Cell R&D Presenter: Emily Litt, Research & Development Scientist & Group Lead
Slide 6: Disclaimer (1/2)
Disclaimer (1/2) Legal Disclaimer This corporate presentation (this “Presentation”) has been prepared for use by Dragonfly Energy Holdings Corp. (“Dragonfly” or the “Company”). This Presentation is for information purposes only and m a y not b e reproduced or redistributed, in whole or in part, with
Slide 7: Disclaimer (2/2)
Disclaimer (2/2) Forward-Looking Statements (cont’d) All forward-looking statements are based upon estimates, forecasts and assumptions that, while considered reasonable by Dragonfly and its management are inherently uncertain and many factors m a y cause the actual results to differ materially from
Slide 8: Dragonfly Energy
DRAGONFLY ENERGY ❑ Comprehensive Lithium Battery Company ❑ Proven Market Penetration Through Battle Born Batteries Product Line ❑ Strong Vision for Future Domestic Cell Production and Technology Over $86 10+ 85+ 225,000 Million Years Patents Batteries 2022 Revenue of Research & Development in Filed
Slide 9: The Team
Denis Phares, Ph.D Vick Singh, Ph.D Emily Litt THE Chief Executive Officer ▪ 30+ years of experience in the fields of Energy, Director of Research and Development ▪ 10+ years of experience in various research functions Research & Development Scientist & Group Lead ▪ B.S. in Material Science and Engi
Slide 10: Comprehensive Energy Technology
Dragonfly Energy’s approach to energy Fundamental technology development can be Materials described in one word: And Processes Comprehensive Supply Energy Chain Product Deployment Technology Readiness (DTC & OEM) Ecosystem Cell and Formation Prototyping
Slide 11: How Does a Lithium-Ion Battery Work?
How Does a Lithium-Ion Battery Work? Graphite Particle SEI Interface Electrolyte
Slide 12: How are Lithium-ion Batteries Made?
How are Lithium-ion Batteries Made? Lithium Iron Phosphate Cathode Graphite Anode
Slide 13: What's the current status of lithium-ion?
What’s the current status of lithium-ion?
Slide 14: Fundamental Materials and Processes
FUNDAMENTAL MATERIALS AND PROCESSES ❑ Founded as a manufacturing technology company in 2012 ❑ Applying sustainable manufacturing processes to current and next-generation cell chemistries
Slide 15: Fundamental Materials and Processes
FUNDAMENTAL MATERIALS AND PROCESSES ❑ Fundamental Capabilities: ❑ Infrastructure ❑ +$15 million investment with Bruker and Tescan for scientific instruments ❑ Highly-Skilled R&D Team and Thrust Areas ❑ Battery Cell Science ❑ Manufacturing Innovation ❑ Materials Characterization ❑ Data Science
Slide 16: Streamlined Cell Manufacturing & Battery Pack Assembly
Streamlined Cell Manufacturing & Battery Pack Assembly ❑ Optimization of Manufacturing Processes ❑ Extensive Automation Experience ❑ Designed & Built in House ❑ Cost Effective ❑ Dry Room ❑ Coming Soon for Conventional and Solid-State Cell Prototyping ❑ Decreased Manufacturing Footprint ❑ Up to 150 M
Slide 17: Powders
Powders Analysis & Findings Using EDS: ❑ Coating ❑ Composition ❑ Homogeneity & Distribution
Slide 18: Anode Analysis
ANODE ANALYSIS Analysis & Findings Using EDS: ❑ General Construction & Quality ❑ Post-Mortem Analysis ❑ Interface Investigation
Slide 19: Cathode Analysis
CATHODE ANALYSIS Analysis & Findings Using EDS: ❑ General Construction & Quality ❑ Post-Mortem Analysis ❑ Interface Investigation
Slide 20: Solid State Analysis
SOLID STATE ANALYSIS Analysis & Findings Using EDS: ❑ Electrolyte Wetting ❑ Homogeneity & Distribution ❑ Speciation Using EDS ❑ Interface Investigation
Slide 21: Advanced Techniques
ADVANCED TECHNIQUES ❑ High Resolution Elemental Mapping ❑ Complementary Multimodal Techniques
Slide 22: Dragonfly is Positioned to Sit at the Nexus of Energy Technology
Dragonfly is Positioned to Sit at the Nexus of Energy Technology solidState Solid state Li-ion Li- Cells Conventional Li-ion Battery ion Cells Manufacturers Vertically Integrated Technology-Focused Energy Energy Storage
Slide 23: Displacing Lead Acid Today, Replacing Coal Tomorrow
Displacing Lead Acid Today, Replacing Coal Tomorrow TODAY TOMORROW Technology Leader in non-toxic lithium- Proprietary non-flammable, non- ion batteries toxic solid state cells Products Extensive line of batteries and Vertically integrated energy storage accessories system integrator Operations 99k
Slide 24: Thank You
Thank You info@dragonflyenergy.com dragonflyenergy.com Follow us on social:
Slide 25: EDS analysis for identifying and detecting contaminants in cathode and anode
EDS analysis for identifying and detecting contaminants in cathode and anode Innovation with Integrity
Slide 26: Outline
ELEMENTAL MAP P IN G (EDS) F OR TH E OP TIMIZA T ION OF BATTER Y MATERIAL S AND P ROCESSES Outline ▪ Introduction of investigated samples and materials ▪ Introduction to EDS - what signal is being measured, how to interpret, what questions can be answered ▪ Measurement conditions ▪ Choice of acceler
Slide 27: Investigated samples
ELEMENTAL MAP P IN G (EDS) F OR TH E OP TIMIZA T ION OF BATTER Y MATERIAL S AND P ROCESSES Investigated samples Anode sample: Cathode sample: graphite on copper (pristine, not cycled) LiPO4 on aluminum (pristine, not cycled) Top view Top view Side view Side view © 2023 Bruker Bruker Nano Analytics,
Slide 28: What is EDS and what questions can it answer?
ELEMENTAL MAP P IN G (EDS) F OR TH E OP TIMIZA T ION OF BATTER Y MATERIAL S AND P ROCESSES What is EDS and what questions can it answer? ▪ Element detection based on X-ray emitted due to the excitation of primary electron beam of a scanning electron microscope ▪ How is element distribution interpret
Slide 29: Introduction to EDS – what signal is being measured
ELEMENTAL MAP P IN G (EDS) F OR TH E OP TIMIZA T ION OF BATTER Y MATERIAL S AND P ROCESSES Introduction to EDS – what signal is being measured © 2023 Bruker Bruker Nano Analytics, Berlin, Germany Innovation with Integrity | | 29 -Bruker Confidential-
Slide 30: Introduction to EDS – how mapping works
ELEMENTAL MAP P IN G (EDS) F OR TH E OP TIMIZA T ION OF BATTER Y MATERIAL S AND P ROCESSES Introduction to EDS – how mapping works HYPERMAP data cube © 2023 Bruker Bruker Nano Analytics, Berlin, Germany Innovation with Integrity | | 30 -Bruker Confidential-
Slide 31: Measurement key points
ELEMENTAL MAP P IN G (EDS) F OR TH E OP TIMIZA T ION OF BATTER Y MATERIAL S AND P ROCESSES Measurement key points ▪ Samples: Manufactured electrode tapes: ▪ Pristine Anode: Copper foil coated with carbon on a single side. ▪ Pristine Cathode: Aluminum foil coated with LiFePO4 on a single side. ▪ Samp
Slide 32: Graphite ANODE - top overview
ELEMENTAL MAP P IN G (EDS) F OR TH E OP TIMIZA T ION OF BATTER Y MATERIAL S AND P ROCESSES Graphite ANODE - top overview with SE image Analysis parameters Detector XFlash® 760 High voltage 15 kV Magnification 250 Beam current ~5 nA Mapping time 12 min Input count rate 92 kcps (ICR) © 2023 Bruker Bru
Slide 33: Graphite ANODE - top overview
ELEMENTAL MAP P IN G (EDS) F OR TH E OP TIMIZA T ION OF BATTER Y MATERIAL S AND P ROCESSES Graphite ANODE - top overview mage Analysis parameters Detector XFlash® 760 High voltage 15 kV Magnification 250 Beam current ~5 nA Mapping time 12 min Input count rate 92 kcps (ICR) © 2023 Bruker Bruker Nano
Slide 34: Element identification – how to find all elements
ELEMENTAL MAP P IN G (EDS) F OR TH E OP TIMIZA T ION OF BATTER Y MATERIAL S AND P ROCESSES Element identification – how to find all elements Elements identified by deconvolution of sum spectrum. Element maps are visualized based on the deconvolved net coutns © 2023 Bruker Bruker Nano Analytics, Berl
Slide 35: Element identification – presence of Sr or is it Si?
ELEMENTAL MAP P IN G (EDS) F OR TH E OP TIMIZA T ION OF BATTER Y MATERIAL S AND P ROCESSES Element identification – presence of Sr or is it Si? Are the Sr maps only the misinterpretation of Si due to the peak overlap? 15kV measurements: only Sr-L lines available which overlap with Si-K! Sr-K lines a
Slide 36: Element identification – presence of Sr or is it Si?
ELEMENTAL MAP P IN G (EDS) F OR TH E OP TIMIZA T ION OF BATTER Y MATERIAL S AND P ROCESSES Element identification – presence of Sr or is it Si? Are the Sr counts only the misinterpretation of Si? 25kV measurements: Sr-K lines properly excited and present Sr L-line map Sr K-line map Very low Sr-L Sr
Slide 37: Element identification – this particle contains also Ba
ELEMENTAL MAP P IN G (EDS) F OR TH E OP TIMIZA T ION OF BATTER Y MATERIAL S AND P ROCESSES Element identification – this particle contains also Ba Ba-peak present in extracted spectrum of single particle! Do the math: quantification of particle spectrum and dividing with area coverage: 3w% Ba * 3% a
Slide 38: How to get the most information the fastest – use FlatQUAD
ELEMENTAL MAP P IN G (EDS) F OR TH E OP TIMIZA T ION OF BATTER Y MATERIAL S AND P ROCESSES How to get the most information the fastest – use FlatQUAD for better detection Conventional detector FlatQUAD detector 60 mm2 EDS detector 60 mm2 (4x15mm2) @WD= 10mm @WD=10mm polepiece polepiece sample sample
Slide 39: Bruker XFlash FlatQUAD EDS detector Features and advantages
Bruker XFlash® FlatQUAD EDS detector Features and advantages XFlash ® FlatQUAD SEM Pole piece FlatQUAD Sample ▪ Annular 4-segment (4x) SDD geometry, central ap. ▪ High sensitivity at very low probe currents ~few pA ▪ Side entry EDS (STEM/BSE like) ▪ Minimize sample charging/damage/C-deposition at lo
Slide 40: ANODE - cross section: comparison of conventional detector and FlatQUAD
ELEMENTAL MAP P IN G (EDS) F OR TH E OP TIMIZA T ION OF BATTER Y MATERIAL S AND P ROCESSES ANODE - cross section: comparison of conventional detector and FlatQUAD Analysis parameters XFlash® Detector XFlash® 760 FlatQUAD High voltage 12 kV 12 kV Beam current ~1nA ~1nA Mapping time 30 min 30 min Inpu
Slide 41: ANODE crossection – XFlash vs FlatQUAD
ELEMENTAL MAP P IN G (EDS) F OR TH E OP TIMIZA T ION OF BATTER Y MATERIAL S AND P ROCESSES ANODE crossection – XFlash® 760 vs FlatQUAD © 2023 Bruker Bruker Nano Analytics, Berlin, Germany Innovation with Integrity | | 41 -Bruker Confidential-
Slide 42: ANODE crossection – XFlash vs FlatQUAD
ELEMENTAL MAP P IN G (EDS) F OR TH E OP TIMIZA T ION OF BATTER Y MATERIAL S AND P ROCESSES ANODE crossection – XFlash® 760 vs FlatQUAD XFlash® 760 XFlash® FlatQUAD © 2023 Bruker Bruker Nano Analytics, Berlin, Germany Innovation with Integrity | | 42 -Bruker Confidential-
Slide 43: ANODE crossection – finding hiding elements: S, Cr
ELEMENTAL MAP P IN G (EDS) F OR TH E OP TIMIZA T ION OF BATTER Y MATERIAL S AND P ROCESSES ANODE crossection – XFlash® 760 vs FlatQUAD: finding “hiding elements”: S, Cr Less noise in maps, Noisier maps, Access to areas with high topography Shadowed areas XFlash® FlatQUAD XFlash® 760 © 2023 Bruker Br
Slide 44: ANODE crossection – finding hiding elements: Ca
ELEMENTAL MAP P IN G (EDS) F OR TH E OP TIMIZA T ION OF BATTER Y MATERIAL S AND P ROCESSES ANODE crossection – XFlash® 760 vs FlatQUAD: finding “hiding elements”: Ca Noisier maps, Less noise in maps, Shadowed areas Access to deeper /shadowed areas XFlash® 760 XFlash® FlatQUAD © 2023 Bruker Bruker Na
Slide 45: ANODE crossection – finding hiding elements: Ti
ELEMENTAL MAP P IN G (EDS) F OR TH E OP TIMIZA T ION OF BATTER Y MATERIAL S AND P ROCESSES ANODE crossection – XFlash® 760 vs FlatQUAD: finding “hiding elements”: Ti SUM SPECTRUM of SUM SPECTRUM of XFlash 760 map FlatQUAD map Elements identified by deconvolution of sum spectrum: No Ti found Ti is be
Slide 46: ANODE crossection – finding hiding elements: Ti
ELEMENTAL MAP P IN G (EDS) F OR TH E OP TIMIZA T ION OF BATTER Y MATERIAL S AND P ROCESSES ANODE crossection – XFlash® 760 vs FlatQUAD: finding “hiding elements”: Ti Ti found by FlatQUAD much easier than with XFlash760! Ti identified by deconvolution of MAXIMUM PIXEL SPECTRUM XFlash® Ti is below det
Slide 47: ANODE crossection – Ti: trace element below EDS detection limit
ELEMENTAL MAP P IN G (EDS) F OR TH E OP TIMIZA T ION OF BATTER Y MATERIAL S AND P ROCESSES ANODE crossection – Ti: trace element below EDS detection limit Do the math: Use AUTOPHASE function to calculate Area coverage= 0.01% Extract object spectrum of single particle: Local concentration of Ti: 85%
Slide 48: Detected main elements and contaminants – Graphite anode material on Cu
ELEMENTAL MAP P IN G (EDS) F OR TH E OP TIMIZA T ION OF BATTER Y MATERIAL S AND P ROCESSES Detected main elements and contaminants – Graphite anode material on Cu Element Coexist with Detection with EDS Detection at 12/15kV Origin Comment Na easy K–line Polymer binder Assists in mapping polymer dist
Slide 49: Main elements and contaminants – LiPO4 cathode material on Aluminium
ELEMENTAL MAP P IN G (EDS) F OR TH E OP TIMIZA T ION OF BATTER Y MATERIAL S AND P ROCESSES Main elements and contaminants – LiPO4 cathode material on Aluminium Element Coexist with Detection with EDS Origin Comment Fe easy Cathode LiFePO4 O easy Cathode LiFePO4 P easy Cathode LiFePO4 C easy Cathode/
Slide 50: CATHODE - Top view with FlatQUAD
ELEMENTAL MAP P IN G (EDS) F OR TH E OP TIMIZA T ION OF BATTER Y MATERIAL S AND P ROCESSES CATHODE - Top view with FlatQUAD Analysis parameters Detector FlatQUAD High voltage 12 kV Beam current ~0,5 nA Input count rate 640 kcps (ICR) Total counts (per 7x107 map) Mapping time 3 min XFlash® FlatQUAD ©
Slide 51: CATHODE - Top view with FlatQUAD
ELEMENTAL MAP P IN G (EDS) F OR TH E OP TIMIZA T ION OF BATTER Y MATERIAL S AND P ROCESSES CATHODE - Top view with FlatQUAD Extracted object spectrum V present in one single sub-micron particle of single particle: V is there! Area coverage= 0.01% Local concentration of V: 11% -> 11 ppm Ti detected w
Slide 52: Summary
ELEMENTAL MAP P IN G (EDS) F OR TH E OP TIMIZA T ION OF BATTER Y MATERIAL S AND P ROCESSES Summary ▪ Introduction to EDS - what signal is being measured, how to interpret, what questions can be answered ▪ Measurement conditions ▪ Choice of acceleration voltage and SEM parameters ▪ Results of anode a
Slide 53: Conclusions
Conclusions Innovation with Integrity
Slide 54: Questions & Answers
Questions & Answers please type your questions in the Q&A window and press SEND Innovation with Integrity
Slide 55: Thank you!
Thank you! Ne
Slide 56: Cox
Cox Innovation with Integrity