Eaton Corporation, PLC · NYSE:ETN
Eaton — Investor Presentation (2003)
42 slides from Eaton's investor presentation, Jun 22, 2003
Slide 1: Sag Ride Through (SRT) Power Conditioner
SAG RIDE THROUGH (SRT) POWER CONDITIONER
Slide 2: Power Quality Issues
Power Quality Issues 0 .3 6 2 3 5 8 -0 .0 2 9 2 -0 .4 1 6 1 5 Interruptions -0 .7 3 7 3 9 -0 .9 4 2 2 2 z -0 .9 9 8 2 9 -0 .8 9 6 7 6 -0 .6 5 3 6 4 -0 .3 0 7 3 3 0 .0 8 7 4 9 9 z Sags z Harmonics 0.41615 -0.73739 -0.94222 -0.99829 -0.89676 -0.65364 -0.30733 0.087499 z Transients 0.468517 0.775566 0
Slide 3: The Costs Of Power Quality
The Costs Of Power Quality US estimates of the annual industrial cost • USD 188 billion • up to USD 2 million per incident for some EPRI study in US estimates that by the year 2005 80% of power consumed in the US will be converted in some way by power electronics
Slide 4: Voltage Sags - Most Costly Problem
Voltage Sags - Most Costly Problem • Voltage sags have been identified in many international studies as being the single most expensive power quality event costing industry and commerce many billions of dollars a year. • Both industrial and commercial businesses are affected by this type of problem.
Slide 5: Voltage Sags
Voltage Sags Average US Plant has 66 sags/year 1 Cost per sag US$6-$40 per KVA/event 1 • 500KVA system sag costs up to US$20K • Lost production, wasted product, possible equipment damage, restart time and associated labour • 1 - EPRI Study, confirmed by Ontario Hydro
Slide 6: Voltage Sag Characteristics
Voltage Sag Characteristics • Retained Voltage • Duration • Number of Phases Affected
Slide 7: Sags are the most costly P.Q. problem
Sags are the most costly P.Q. problem (92% events are sags; 4% short term interruptions remainder are other PQ problems) source:EPRI, DPQ study of 300 sites) 6 5 Events 4 Per Year 3 Average = 50 2 Sags/Year 1 60 to 7 0 0 Interruptions 30 to 4 0 0 0 Voltage (% of -5 10 -2 0 to 5 4 10 20 3 10 6- 2 1 N
Slide 8: ITIC Curve: Voltage-Tolerance Envelope
ITIC Curve: Voltage-Tolerance Envelope 500 400 %Nom Equipment Disruption Voltage or Damage Region (RMS 300 or Peak Equivalent) Sags 200 applications Safe Region 100 0 1µs 1ms 3ms 20ms 0.5s 10s Steady State
Slide 9: Combining the CBEMA Curve and EPRI Data
Combining the CBEMA Curve and EPRI Data
Slide 10: Solutions to solve voltage disturbance problems
Solutions to solve voltage disturbance problems z Power Conditioners z UPS’s z Traditional Voltage Regulators z Dynamic Voltage Restorers (DVR) z Large Scale Active Voltage Conditioners (SRT)
Slide 11: Typical Power Network
Typical Power Network • For every utility Blackout there are 10 or more large sags. • Most sags are less than a 30% voltage reduction from nominal. • Most sags are caused by distribution network problems (cable faults, transformer faults etc) distant from the customer.
Slide 12: Problems Caused By Sags
Problems Caused By Sags • AC and DC motor drives, contactors and relays trip on undervoltage (5-50mSec) • Control system failures and unwanted resets (20 milliseconds) • Computer system malfunction and unwanted reboots • Drop out of some lighting systems (discharge etc)
Slide 13: Effects of Supply Voltage Variation
Effects of Supply Voltage Variation Equipment Supply Voltage Reduction Supply Voltage Increase Computors, cash An 8% sag will often cause errors A 10% rise will cause computer registres, transformers and downtime. At 100KVA a 10% damage, errors and downtime. A drop will reduce the transformer 10% ri
Slide 14: Product solutions for Brownouts
Product solutions for Brownouts • Transformer type Voltage regulators • Servo Variac technology • SCR tap changer (EVR) • Active Voltage Conditioner (SRT)
Slide 15: Transformer voltage regulators
Transformer voltage regulators • Typically Ferro-resonant technology • Used for loads up to 300KVA • Good solution for single phase voltage regulation • Very inefficient, <=80% • Frequency sensitive • NO output voltage control • Generally bulky and run very hot • On 3-phase systems all phases get mo
Slide 16: Servo-Variac Technology
Servo-Variac Technology • Usually applied for large systems 250KVA and above • Servo Variac = 200 to 750 ms. This is not fast enough for most sensitive electronic loads. • Generates large overvoltage when brownout returns to normal • Moving parts hence maintenance costs and reliability issues. • Ine
Slide 17: SCR Tap Change Technology
SCR Tap Change Technology • Can be used for all ratings • Response for SCR Tap Change = 10 to 20 ms. • The SCR tap change steps output voltage by design. Affects certain loads, particularly lighting. • Large, especially if many TAPS are used. • Average efficiency, ~ 90% • Only corrects voltage
Slide 18: SRT Power Conditioner
SRT Power Conditioner • Inverter controlled power conditioning for high power applications (25 kVA to 6 MVA and Larger as custom solutions) for low and medium voltage applications. • The SRT is a solution to the most common and costly power quality problems - voltage sags. It also corrects for other
Slide 19: SRT Components
SRT Components • Injection transformer which connects in series with the conditioned supply • Inverter which provides the correction voltages to compensate for supply voltage problems • Rectifier which takes any net correction energy required by the inverter from the mains supply • Static transfer s
Slide 20: SRT Power Conditioner
SRT Power Conditioner • Three phase series connection to main supply • Inverter connected through step up transformer • Custom software for dynamic control of voltage sags and disturbances
Slide 21: How Does The SRT Work ?
How Does The SRT Work ? • The SRT consists of an inverter which feeds an injection transformer connected in series with the utility supply. • The inverter produces compensating voltage vectors which correct for utility voltage disturbances (sags, imbalance, flicker, voltage harmonics and optionally
Slide 22: Single Phase Schematic
Single Phase Schematic 3 phase supply OOH primary 3 phase load E:T-N | Cutler-Hammer
Slide 23: SRT Connection Diagram – XFMR Internal
SRT Connection Diagram – XFMR Internal L1 L1' Utility L2 OUTPUT L2' Supply TO LOAD L3 L3' PE GND BYPASS SWITCH RECTIFIER ISOLATOR F? 120V P FUSE Aux Supply * L2 L3 L1 120VAC 2A N * Not fitted to all models. Static Switch Snubber U VW Inverter Output ME L1 Static Switch Control 0060-619 Supply S1 Inp
Slide 24: Key Features
Key Features • Deep Sag Correction: • Single phase: 63% • Three phase: 30% • Deeper sag correction to meet ITIC • 10% Continuous Sag Correction to +/-1% • 30% Sag Correction to +/-2.5% (3 phase) • Eliminates Phase shift • Voltage Harmonic Correction (5th, 7th, 11th, & 13th) • Fast Response Time: 4ms
Slide 25: The Inside Story – SRT 175kVA
The Inside Story – SRT 175kVA Side Views
Slide 26: The Inside Story – SRT 175kVA
The Inside Story – SRT 175kVA Front Rear
Slide 27: SRT Display and Keypad
OO0SCS OO OG E:T-N | Cutler-Hammer
Slide 28: SRT – Sag correction & Power conditioner
SRT – Sag correction & Power conditioner Typical voltage sag event showing SRT input (top) and output (bottom)
Slide 29: SRT – Solves Voltage Imbalance
SRT – Solves Voltage Imbalance • Caused by up stream ground fault (i.e. one phase low, 2 high) • Phase to phase fault • Results in equipment problems • Protection usually shuts down system
Slide 30: Voltage Imbalance - Motors
Voltage Imbalance - Motors • Increase in motor operating temperature • Eliminate premature motor failures • Reduced operating capacity required Motor HP Derating factor due to voltage unbalance *From NEMA MG1
Slide 31: Extended Low Voltage
Extended Low Voltage • Caused by long term brown-out, line-drop and system overloads • SRT can be supplied to compensate for all sags continuously. • Has microprocessor controlled line-drop compensation with auto feed forward. • Models cable, distance and monitors the load
Slide 32: Voltage Conditioning
Voltage Conditioning • Conditions voltage for “Linear” loads that are sensitive to voltage disturbances • Induction furnaces – eliminates resonance caused by voltage harmonics • Eliminate Voltage Flicker • Welding, Heat Sealing etc. machines cause flicker that reduces the performance by lowering vol
Slide 33: Harmonic Voltage Correction
Harmonic Voltage Correction • The SRT is able to correct for typical harmonic voltage distortion in three phase systems (n = 5, 7,11, and 13th). • Provides a clean sine wave supply to the connected load. • Note: The SRT does not filter the load side harmonic currents created from other devices which
Slide 34: Example of Harmonic Correction
Example of Harmonic Correction OUTPUT INPUT SRT response (amplified)
Slide 35: Rating Information
Rating Information z The SRT is rated in terms of load rating (kVA), voltage (volts) and maximum level of sag correction (%). z Load 25 kVA to 4 MVA. (Custom larger sizes available z Voltage 480 or 600V standard with 400/690V and Medium Voltage options available at 50/60 Hz. z Sag correction 30% boo
Slide 36: SRT Sizing and Selection
SRT Sizing and Selection z SRT’s are rated in kVA. First measure or calculate the maximum continuous load kVA or system kVA. z Confirm site sag events do not exceed 50% retained voltage (3 phase) SRT will trip if average 3ph voltage goes below 50%
Slide 37: The SRT vs. UPS
The SRT vs. UPS • The UPS and the SRT both have their place and can often be used together. • An SRT does not provide the outage protection of a UPS but the SRT is much more efficient, physically smaller and often better suited, less expensive for large applications. • An SRT could be installed to p
Slide 38: SRT and UPS Typical application
SRT and UPS Typical application Facility Supply Bus - Voltage independent SRT Essential Production 500kVA- systems 5MVA UPS Critical Loads M PLC's, Controls 10-150kVA etc Large non critical loads
Slide 39: What Are The Applicable Industries ?
What Are The Applicable Industries ? Continuous Process Industries. • Paper • Glass (including Fibre Optics) • Steel and metal • Wood Processing • Plastics • Food and Beverage Processing (dairy etc) • Petrochemical • Chemical • Semiconductor (meets SEMI 47) • Automotive • Mining (underground mining
Slide 40: Back-up Power – SRT Application
Back-up Power – SRT Application Incoming Utility Service UPS Back-up Power Strategies: Service Equipment 1. Sag Correction, Flywheel, UPS or Back-up Generation for Entire Rated Transfer Switch Generator Facility (installed at service entrance) 2. Mitigating equipment installed at distribution level
Slide 41: SRT sales tools
SRT sales tools Product Support • PPC support Engineers 800-809-2772 opt. 1, sub opt.3 • Product Aid PA01002002E • Specification Guide • Manual IM01002001E • Power Conditioning Q & A • Presentation files
Slide 42: Thank You
Thank You E:T-N | Cutler-Hammer