Slide 1: Dispersing Pigments: The Good, The Bad and The Colorful
DISPERSING PIGMENTS THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE COLORFUL Michael “Mike” Praw Technical Service and Development Manager Michael.praw@us.Indorama.net
Slide 2: Indorama Ventures: Who we are
Indorama Ventures: Who we are Business segments Presence in OUR PURPOSE Reimagining chemistry 33 countries together to create Combined PET Indovinya Fibers a better world. Consolidated revenues of (CPET) OUR VISION $15.6 billion (FY2023) To be a world-class sustainable chemical company producing #1
Slide 3: Indovinya Global footprint
Indovinya Global footprint Zaventem Bruxelas Dayton Belgium Pasadena United States The Woodlands Of America Industrial Port Neches Units Houston China Shangai Mexico Guadalajara Chocolate Bayou India Ankleshwar San Juan del Río Commercial Offices Mexico City Mumbai Colombia Bogota Tremembé Coatzacoa
Slide 4: Agenda
AGENDA 1. Introduction 2. What Is In A Gallon Of Paint? Click to edit Master 3. titleBasic Coatings Terms style And Click to Calculations edit Master subtitle style 4. Dispersion 5. Dispersants 6. OXITIVE® 8000 Series 7. Questions © Indorama Ventures 2024 4
Slide 5: Paint Formulation
PAINT FORMULATION Paint formulation is a challenge where the interplay of the RAW MATERIALS can be significant. Raw materials are added with the purpose to address specific PROPERTIES OF THE COATING but can affect other properties both positively and negatively. This includes: • Additives that can c
Slide 6: What Is In A Gallon Of Paint?
WHAT IS IN A GALLON OF PAINT? 1% 1% 12% 28% 18% 15% 69% 53% Weight % Volume % Solvent Resin Pigment Additives © Indorama Ventures 2024 6
Slide 7: Additives: More Is Not Better
ADDITIVES Used in SMALL Generally HIGH IN quantities COST Used to facilitate production or to Absolutely improve certain NECESSARY in a paint properties MORE IS NOT BETTER © Indorama Ventures 2024 7
Slide 8: Basic Coatings Terms: Pigment Oil Absorption
BASIC COATINGS TERMS: PIGMENT OIL ABSORPTION The amount of linseed oil NEEDED TO WET The amount of oil a pigment absorbs OUT THE PIGMENT and just fill the interstices at maximum packing Size, shape and particle size distribution Dates back to alkyd times affects this important property Oil Absorptio
Slide 9: Basic Coatings Terms: Pigment Surface Area
BASIC COATINGS TERMS: PIGMENT SURFACE AREA Surface area measures It is measured by Most pigment suppliers the amount of surface nitrogen absorption and will provide both the oil area per given mass of is a modernization of absorption and surface pigment (usually the oil absorption test. area for the
Slide 10: Basic Coatings Terms: PVC
BASIC COATINGS TERMS: PVC PVC: Pigment Volume Concentration Used to determine the PIGMENT Above Critical PVC dry hide starts LOADING Above the Critical PVC, the resin will As PVC increases, gloss and flexibility not totally encompass all pigment decreases PVC = Volume of pigment x 100 Volume of Pigm
Slide 11: Basic Coatings Terms: Finish PVC
BASIC COATINGS TERMS: PVC FINISH PVC High Gloss 15 – 20 Semi Gloss/Pearl 20 – 40 Eggshell 30 – 45 High Quality Flat 50 – 60 Inexpensive Flat 60 – 80 © Indorama Ventures 2024 11
Slide 12: Basic Coatings Terms: P:B
BASIC COATINGS TERMS: P:B P:B: Pigment to Binder Ratio Only calculated with prime Ratio of prime pigment weight to pigments weight of resin solids Used to determine the amount of P:B = Weight of prime pigment pigment needed for hiding Weight of resin solids © Indorama Ventures 2024 12
Slide 13: Basic Coatings Terms and Calculations: P:B
BASIC COATINGS TERMS AND CALCULATIONS: P:B Typical P:B ratios needed to hide (1 mil dry) PIGMENT P:B Ratio TiO2 1.0 – 1.1 Organic Yellows/Reds 0.5 – 2.0 Iron Oxide 0.2 – 0.4 Red/Yellow 0.1 – 0.2 Phthalo Blue/Green 0.05 – 0.1 Carbon Black 0.6 – 0.8 Off-White/ Beige 0.3 – 0.6 Medium Grey 0.2 – 0.4 © I
Slide 14: Pigments
PIGMENTS OTHER SPECIALITY PRIMARY EXTENDER PIGMENTS • Calcium Carbonate • Alumina • Talc • Inorganic • Nanoparticles • Ceramic Microspheres • Organic • Barytes • Anti-corrosive • Fumed Silica • Carbon Black • Effect • Clay • Silica • Nepheline Syenite • Other © Indorama Ventures 2024 14
Slide 15: Primary Pigments
PRIMARY PIGMENTS IMPARTS COLOR AND PROVIDES HIDING INORGANIC PIGMENTS ORGANIC PIGMENTS CARBON BLACK Examples TiO2, Iron Oxide Phthalo Blue, Hansa Yellow Carbon Black Relative Cost Low to moderate Moderate to high Low to moderate Exterior Durability Excellent Poor to good Excellent Color Types Muddy
Slide 16: Extender Pigments
EXTENDER PIGMENTS LOW-COST FILLER THAN CAN: • Control gloss • Improve hiding • Affect pH • Affect rheology or settling • Affect exterior durability • Improve or diminish properties - Hardness, abrasion resistance, water penetration, chemical resistance, scratch resistance and tack... © Indorama Vent
Slide 17: Extender Pigments
EXTENDER PIGMENTS GLOSS OIL PIGMENT HARDNESS PROPERTIES REDUCTION ABSORPTION Calcium Carbonate LOW LOW MEDIUM Good general filler with high pH Talc HIGH HIGH SOFT Inexpensive flattener, very soft Clay MEDIUM HIGH MEDIUM General purpose filler Barytes LOW LOW MEDIUM General purpose filler with high d
Slide 18: Other Pigments
OTHER PIGMENTS NANOPARTICLES Abrasion resistance, exterior durability, hardness… ANTI-CORROSIVE Improve corrosion resistance but can lower gloss PIGMENTS and can contain heavy metals. EFFECT Metallic PIGMENTS Holographic © Indorama Ventures 2024 18
Slide 19: Pigment Properties: Particle Size
PIGMENT PROPERTIES: PARTICLE SIZE DENSIRED PROPERTY PREFEREED PARTICLE SIZE Low Viscosity LARGE Low Dispersant Demand LARGE Increased Photo Stability LARGE Higher Opacity MEDIUM Higher Tint Strength SMALL © Indorama Ventures 2024 19
Slide 20: How Pigments Work – Light Interaction
HOW PIGMENTS WORK – LIGHT INTERACTION © Indorama Ventures 2024 20
Slide 21: How Pigments Work - Opacity
HOW PIGMENTS WORK - OPACITY Incident Light Incident Light Properly Poorly Dispersed Dispersed High Opacity Low Opacity High Low Scattering Scattering Substrate © Indorama Ventures 2024 21
Slide 22: How Pigments Work - Opacity
HOW PIGMENTS WORK - OPACITY Light Uniformly Dispersed, Good Hiding Substrate Light Non-Uniformly Dispersed, Poor Hiding Substrate © Indorama Ventures 2024 22
Slide 23: What Is Dispersion?
WHAT IS DISPERSION? DISPERSION is the process by which non-soluble substances are uniformly incorporated into a liquid phase, and stabilized against settling or separation, when mixing is removed. © Indorama Ventures 2024 23
Slide 24: A Good Dispersion…
A GOOD DISPERSION… Breaks up clumps MAXIMIZES hiding power, (aggregates and tint strength, gloss… and agglomerates) BUT DOES eliminates grit. NOT GRIND THE PIGMENT. Ensures UNIFORM SAVES TIME AND MONEY PIGMENT in the paint. (Fewer QC corrections) © Indorama Ventures 2024 24
Slide 25: Dispersion - Particles
DISPERSION - PARTICLES PRIMARY PARTICLES AGGREGATE AGGLOMERATE © Indorama Ventures 2024 25
Slide 26: The Three Steps of Dispersion
THE THREE STEPS OF DISPERSION “Wetting” of the pigment. “Pigment Grinding” particle size reduction. “Stabilization” of the pigment against settling by the dispersant. © Indorama Ventures 2024 26
Slide 27: Dispersion - Wetting
DISPERSION - WETTING Displaces contaminants (moisture, air…) from the “Wetting” of the pigments surface with a combination of resin, pigment. solvent and/or dispersant. Organic and alumina treatments on the pigment aids in the wetting process. Surfactants with lower surface tension will normally wet
Slide 28: Dispersion - Wetting
DISPERSION - WETTING WETTING OF THE PIGMENT AGGLOMERATE DISPERSANT + © Indorama Ventures 2024 28
Slide 29: Dispersion - Grinding
DISPERSION - GRINDING Mechanical breaking up of the chunks, “Pigment Grinding” clumps and clusters. particle size reduction. Individual particles are not ground up, just separated from each other. Really de-agglomeration or dispersion… not grinding. Do Not Reduce The Primary Particle Size! © Indoram
Slide 30: Dispersion - Separation
DISPERSION - SEPARATION DISPERSION OF THE PIGMENT ADD ENERGY © Indorama Ventures 2024 30
Slide 31: Dispersion - Stabilization
DISPERSION - STABILIZATION “Stabilization” of the 2 STEPS: pigment against settling by the dispersant. Movement of the wetted pigment particles into the liquid vehicle to permanently separate particles. Stabilizing the dispersion to prevent re-agglomeration, settling, kickout or flocculation. © Indo
Slide 32: Dispersion - Stabilization
DISPERSION - STABILIZATION STABILIZATION OF THE PIGMENT © Indorama Ventures 2024 32
Slide 33: Types of Mechanical Dispersion Forces
TYPES OF MECHANICAL DISPERSION FORCES PARTICLE CHUSHING SHEARING COLLIDING © Indorama Ventures 2024 33
Slide 34: Types of Dispersion Equipment
TYPES OF DISPERSION EQUIPMENT T Y Very High 3 and 5 Roll Mills I High Heavy Duty S C O S Mixers High Speed Medium Sand and Dispersers Media Single Roll Ball and SHEARING Low Mils Mills Pebble Mills V I Micronizer Very Low CRUSHING/ CRUSHING SHEARING SHEARING © Indorama Ventures 2024 34
Slide 35: Dispersion Equipment
DISPERSION EQUIPMENT 1. Micronizes 2. Ball and Pebble Mils 3. Sand and Media Mils 4. 1,3 and 5 Roll Mills 5. Heavy Duty Mixers and Basket Mills © Indorama Ventures 2024 35
Slide 36: Dispersion Equipment: Ball and Pebble Mills
DISPERSION EQUIPMENT Ball and Pebble Mills • Large Horizontal Drum 5-20 feet in diameter and 10-40 feet long • Ceramic, stainless steel or stone balls ½ inch to 6 inches in diameter • Drum filled 50-75% with balls • Slow rotation of the drum causes the balls to roll on top of each other © Indorama V
Slide 37: Dispersion Equipment: Sand or Media Mill
DISPERSION EQUIPMENT Sand or Media Mill Vertical Sand Mill • Small media size up to several millimeters in diameter • Horizontal or Vertical • Rotating plates or paddles move the beads • Gravity feed for vertical mills • Pump feed for horizontal mills. Horizontal Sand Mill PUMP © Indorama Ventures 2
Slide 38: Dispersion Equipment: Roll Mills
DISPERSION EQUIPMENT 3 and 5 Roll Mills © Indorama Ventures 2024 38
Slide 39: Dispersion Equipment: High Speed Disperser
DISPERSION EQUIPMENT High Speed Disperser © Indorama Ventures 2024 39
Slide 40: Dispersion Equipment: Heavy Duty Dispersers
DISPERSION EQUIPMENT Heavy Duty Dispersers • Rotor / Stator or Basket Mill • Fixed outer “Stator” and internal rotating “Rotor” © Indorama Ventures 2024 40
Slide 41: High Speed Disperser
HIGH SPEED DISPERSER High Speed Disperser • 25% of the dispersion takes place on the blade by shear • 70% of the dispersion occurs in laminar flow as each layer of mill paste accelerates at as different rate • The remaining 5% occurs as the mill paste circulates in the tank Percentages from “Practic
Slide 42: High Speed Dispersion Tips
HIGH SPEED DISPERSION TIPS High Speed Dispersion Tips ✓ Keep the top of the blade covered ✓ Minimum blade speeds of 4500 FPM (Maximum 5500 FPM) ✓ (FPM = 3.14 x Blade Diameter in feet x RPM) ✓ Lower speeds just heat up a batch without dispersing the pigment ✓ Dispersing more than 30 minutes could ove
Slide 43: More Is Not Better!
MORE IS NOT BETTER! More resin or solvent may Mill base Adding more of More wetting increase particle composition is the raw material will agent MAY BE spacing and primary factor in NOT make the mill WORSE than too prevent shear EFFICIENT paste better little forces from DISPERSION DISPERSING THE PIG
Slide 44: HSD (High Speed Dispersion)
HSD (HIGH SPEED DISPERSION) High Speed Disperser © Indorama Ventures 2024 44
Slide 45: Variables Influencing Dispersing
VARIABLES INFUENCING DISPERSING • Particle size and oil absorption PIGMENT TYPE • Type and amount of inorganic treatment (dispersant demand) • Moisture (high moisture increases inter – particles adhesion) • Moisture pick up STORAGE CONDITIONS • Age • Mill base formulation • Efficiency of dispersion
Slide 46: What Happens When Pigments Are Not Properly Dispersed?
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN PIIGMENTS ARE NOT PROPERLY DISPERSED? Low tinting “Trashy” Looking Poor Hiding strength paint Low or irregular Color “rub-up” Settling gloss (flocculation) © Indorama Ventures 2024 46
Slide 47: Physical Chemical Properties: Static Surface Tension
PHYSICAL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES STATIC SURFACE TENSION Intermolecular Forces SURFACE TENSION SUBSTANCE What is the definition of (mN.m-1) surface tension? Benzene 28.9 dW = γ dσ Mercury 472.0 Methanol 22.6 Water 72.8 What happens when a surfactant is added to water? Image obtained from https://chemistr
Slide 48: Physical Chemical Properties: Surface Tension Parameters
PHYSICAL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES STATIC SURFACE TENSION AND USEFUL PHYSICAL CHEMICAL PARAMETERS Surfactant behavior in water and Surface excess concentration (µmol.m-2) Surface Tension curves Area occupied by the molecule (²) Adsorption free energy (kJ.mol-1) © Indorama Ventures 2024 48
Slide 49: Physical Chemical Parameters: Contact Angle
PHYSICAL CHEMICAL PARAMETERS CONTACT ANGLE Image obtained from http://www.ramehart.com/contact angle.htm Image obtained and adapted from https://www.sciencedirect.com/sci ence/article/abs/pii/B97803234613 99000086 © Indorama Ventures 2024 49
Slide 50: Physical Chemical Parameters: Nonionic Surfactants
PHYSICAL CHEMICAL PARAMETERS GENERAL TRENDS FOR NONIONIC SURFACTANTS Hydrophobic Character Branch level of isomeric chains Alkylene oxide chain CH3 OH CH3 H3C H3C H3C O CH3 O CH3 H3C H3C O OH CH3 H3C CH3 O OH H3C O O CH3 CH3 H3C H3C γm CH 3 γm γm -1 Wetting Wetting time Contact Sample Sample γmγm(mN
Slide 51: Dispersing Agent – Dispersant Demand
DISPERSING AGENT – DISPERSANT DEMAND MILBASE VISCOSITY (mPas) DISPERSANT CONCENTRATION © Indorama Ventures 2024 51
Slide 52: Pigment Affinity
PIGMENT AFFINITY EFFECT OF TAIL LENGHT TooToo short short tailtail length length – poor – poor steric Optimum Optimum tailtail length length – good – good steric Toolong Too long tailtail length length – poor – poor steric steric stabilization stabilization stabilization steric stabilization steric
Slide 53: Dosage Selection
DOSAGE SELCTION SURFACTANT DEMAND AND ITS IMPACT ON STABILITY AND PERFORMANCE 3000 2500 Low Brookfield Viscosity (cP) Correct High dosage dosage dosage 2000 Poor Minimum Layer coverage viscosity collapses 1500 Poor Maximum Poor stability stability performance 1000 500 0 8,0 10,0 12,0 14,0 16,0 18,0
Slide 54: Dispersing Agents
DISPERSING AGENTS Charge Stabilization Steric Stabilization Electrostatic Repulsion Steric/Osmotic Repulsion + Positive Charge Pigment Particle Pigment Particle Polymer Chain - Negative Charge Stabilized Area Stabilized Area © Indorama Ventures 2024 54
Slide 55: Dispersing Agents: Hydrophilic Versus Hydrophobic
DISPERSING AGENTS HYDROPHILIC VERSUS HYDROPHOBIC Viscosity mPas Hydrophobic Hydrophilic % active dispersing agent/pigment © Indorama Ventures 2024 55
Slide 56: OXITIVE 8000 Series
OXITIVE® 8000 SERIES DISPERSING AGENTS WATER-BASED UNIVERSAL SOLVENT BASED WATER-BASED SOLVENT BASED PAINTS PAINTS Challenges Regarding Composition and VOC Limitations OXITIVE® 8000 dispersing VOC of colorant added at the Point-of-Sale shall not agents are APEO-Free and exceed 50 g/L above the level
Slide 57: OXITIVE 8000 Series: Desired Properties
OXITIVE® 8000 SERIES PROPERTIES DESIRED ON A PIGMENT CONCENTRATE Maximum PIGMENT LOAD & LOW VISCOSITY STABILITY – agglomeration and flocculation resistance Maximum TINTING STRENGTH Good COMPATIBILITY with different systems LOW IMPACT on final coatings properties © Indorama Ventures 2024 57
Slide 58: OXITIVE 8000 Series Product Grades
OXITIVE® 8000 SERIES Recommended use Standard Performance Good Performance Excellent Performance FUNCTION PIGMENTS APPLICATION PERFORMANCE Compatibilizing agent Waterborne Systems Alkyd solvent-borne Dispersant demand Viscosity reduction SURFACE Titanium Dioxide Reduced rub-out Dispersing agent Tint
Slide 59: Performance Tests
PERFORMANCE TESTS WATER-BASED ACRYLIC MATTE PAINT COMPATIBILITY WITH DIFFERENT SYSTEMS 140 ALKYD SOLVENT-BORNE ENAMEL 120 Adherence evaluation according to ASTM D3359 – Method A 100 80 60 40 20 Tinted with White base 0 OXITIVE® 8201 White Base White Base Tinted with Tinted with OXITIVE®8122 Oxitive®
Slide 60: OXITIVE 8000 Series Conclusions
OXITIVE® 8000 SERIES CONCLUSIONS AVAILABLE GRADES for different types of pigment Reduces viscosity, maximizes pigment load and TINTING STRENGTH COMPATIBILITY with waterborne and some solvent-borne systems Enhances stability and REDUCES RUB-OUT Available grades for UNIVERSAL PIGMENT CONCENTRATES HIGH
Slide 61: Questions?
QUESTIONS? © Indorama Ventures 2024 61
Slide 62: Contact
Contato Michael (Mike) Praw Technical Service and Development Manager 346-380-6575 Click to edit Master Michael.praw@us.Indorama.net title style Click to edit Master subtitle style Indorama Ventures – Indovinya 8401 New Trails Dr., Suite 150, The Woodlands, TX +1 (346) 380-6573 http://indovinya.indo