Slide 1: An Encounter with Light Generating Devices
An Encounter with Light Generating Devices Eric Mesa Hamamatsu Corporation 06/23/2020 🄫 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. and its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 1
Slide 2: Outline
Outline ■ Light Source Terminology ■ Thermal/Black Body Sources ■ Discharge Sources ■ Specialty Sources ■ Light Source Summary/Conclusion 🄫 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. and its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 2
Slide 3: Light Source Characteristics: Wavelength
Light Source Characteristics Wavelength– (λ) 🄫 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. and its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 3
Slide 4: Light Source Terminology: Coherence
Light Source Terminology Coherence (temporal, spatial) 🄫 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. and its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 4
Slide 5: Light Source Terminology: Stability, Lifetime, Emission
Light Source Terminology Stability Lifetime – (h) Emission 🄫 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. and its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 5
Slide 6: Light Source Terminology: Radiant Flux, Irradiance, Luminous Flux
Light Source Terminology Radiant Flux/Power – (W). Irradiance – (W/m2). Luminous Flux – (lm) Spectral Radiance (brightness) – (W/m2-sr) Luminous flux = Radiant power (watts) x 683 lumens/watt x luminous efficacy 🄫 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. and its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 6
Slide 7: Thermal Light Sources
Thermal Light Sources 🄫 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. and its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 7
Slide 8: Thermal Light Sources – Principle of Operation
Thermal Light Sources – Principle of Operation ■ Black body radiation from a heated filament ■ Filament temperature – black body output ■ No source is a perfect black body ■ Temperature calibrations 🄫 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. and its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 8
Slide 9: Thermal Light Sources – Optical Characteristics and Efficiency
Thermal Light Sources – Optical Characteristics and Efficiency ■ Smooth optical spectrum ■ Incoherent light ■ Low efficiency ■ Low UV Output ■ Typ. luminous efficiency on the order of 15 lm/W ■ Lifetimes on the order of 1000s of hours ■ Relatively low cost 🄫 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. and its…
Slide 10: Thermal Light Sources – Electrical Characteristics
Thermal Light Sources – Electrical Characteristics ■ Thermal light sources are purely resistive loads. Fairly simple for operation ■ Electrical resistance increases with higher temperatures ■ Resistance is lower during start-up which results in a high initial warm-up current ■ Thermal light sources
Slide 11: Thermal Light Sources – Tungsten
Types of Thermal Light Sources –Tungsten ■ Electrically heated filaments are made from Tungsten. ■ Tungsten-Halogen, bulb filled with a Halogen gas mixture ■ Low efficiency ■ Widely used for general purpose lighting, but also scientific applications in broadband spectroscopy, microscopy, and as well
Slide 12: Thermal Light Sources – Tungsten Feature Application Benefit
Types of Thermal Light Sources – Tungsten Feature Application Benefit High Operating Temperature More light in visible spectrum Resistive Load Simple operating circuitry Smooth Black Body Radiation Spectrum No sharp peaks or dips Low long term output decay (Tungsten-Halogen) Consistent outpu
Slide 13: Tungsten – Microscope Illumination
Types of Thermal Light Sources – Tungsten Microscope Illumination ■ Default Illumination source for most teaching/research level microscopes ■ High Intensity, broadband, visible light ■ Good for long term experiments due to stable temporal and spatial output fluctuation 🄫 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K…
Slide 14: Thermal Light Sources – Globar
Types of Thermal Light Sources - Globar ■ The Globar source uses a Silicon Carbide rod as a heating element, instead of Tungsten ■ Lower black body temperature shifts the peak emission into IR. ■ Commonly used as broadband IR source for Infrared spectroscopy Globar Source Blackbody 🄫 Hamamatsu…
Slide 15: Globar Feature Application Benefit
Types of Thermal Light Sources – Globar Feature Application Benefit Lower Relative Operating Temp Peak output is in NIR Large relative filament size Larger area of emission No pressurized bulb Safer handling Low long term output decay Consistent output over time Smooth Black Body Radiation S
Slide 16: Globar – FTIR Spectroscopy
Types of Thermal Light Sources – Globar FTIR Spectroscopy ■ FTIR spectroscopy identifies organic (in some cases inorganic) material by measuring absorption of IR light ■ Key IR absorption bands identify the specific molecular components and structures ■ Globars have broad, smooth, continuous spectru
Slide 17: Thermal Light Sources – Graphene
Types of Thermal Light Sources - Graphene ■ Graphene emitters are a compact IR thermal light source ■ Smaller, brighter ■ Operates at 1200K ■ Fast pulsing operation, 3kHz ■ Vacuum confined filament 🄫 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. and its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 17
Slide 18: Graphene Feature Application Benefit
Types of Thermal Light Sources – Graphene Feature Application Benefit Small Thermal Capacity Fast Pulsing Operation Small form factor Integration into portable systems Smooth Black Body Radiation Spectrum No sharp peaks or dips Lower Relative Operating Temp Peak output is in NIR 🄫 Hamamatsu
Slide 19: Graphene – Pulsed Source
Types of Thermal Light Sources – Graphene Pulsed Source ■ Optical “chopping” is a technique used to increase SNR when pair with a lock-in amp ■ Mechanical choppers can produce mechanical vibrations and truncated beams ■ Ability to pulse the light source eliminates need for mechanical element 🄫…
Slide 20: Thermal Light Sources – Key Takeaways
Thermal Light Sources – Key Takeaways Tungsten Globar Graphene Advantages Low Cost Long lifetime Compact form factor Smooth broadband output Broad NIR Spectrum Fast pulsing operation spectrum Smooth output spectrum Broad NIR Spectrum Low long term output decay Atmospheric operati
Slide 21: Gas Discharge Sources
Gas Discharge Sources 🄫 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. and its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 21
Slide 22: Discharge Lamps – Principle of Operation
Discharge Lamps – Principle of Operation ■ High electric field induces ionization, gas becomes conductive ■ Ionized gas particles form light emitting plasma ■ Light is emitted by downward electronic transitions in gas atoms ■ A gas atom’s orbitals differ by specific energies, and these differences d
Slide 23: Discharge Lamps – Optical Characteristics and Efficiency
Discharge Lamps – Optical Characteristics and Efficiency ■ Luminous efficacy is higher than thermal light sources, on order of 50-150 lm/W ■ Incoherent light ■ Startup time can range from a few secs to mins ■ Lifetime is on the order of 2000-4000 hours for deuterium and xenon lamps ■ Xenon flash lam
Slide 24: Discharge Lamps – Electrical Characteristics
Discharge Lamps – Electrical Characteristics ■ Impedance of the discharge lamp depends on the amount of ionization inside lamp ■ A high trigger voltage must be used to induce the gas ionization within the lamp. This requires more complex start-up circuitry (Starter + power supply) ■ Once ionization
Slide 25: Discharge Lamps – Deuterium Lamps
Types of Discharge Lamps – Deuterium Lamps ■ Deuterium Lamps are a type of low pressure gas discharge lamp that use deuterium gas. They are UV light sources well known for their high stability (0.005% peak to peak). ・ 115nm to 400nm Emission ・ 2000 ~ 4000h Lifetime ・ Point light source 🄫 Hamamatsu…
Slide 26: Deuterium Lamp Feature Application Benefit
Types of Discharge Lamps – Deuterium Lamp Feature Application Benefit High stability (0.005% peak to peak) High accuracy measurement High energy UV output Ability to ionize molecules Limited only to UV output No need to filter VIS or IR 🄫 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. and its affiliates. All…
Slide 27: Deuterium Lamp Applications
Types of Discharge Lamps – Deuterium Lamps Deuterium Lamp Applications ■ High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)：High intensity, High stability ■ UV-VIS spectrophotometers ■ Semiconductor Inspection ■ Film Thickness Measurement ■ Electrostatic Remover：VUV output 🄫 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. and
Slide 28: Deuterium Lamps – High Performance Liquid Chromatography
Types of Discharge Lamps – Deuterium Lamps High Performance Liquid Chromatography ■ Technique used to separate and analyze individual components of a mixture ■ Usually to confirm/check purity of the mixtures ■ Dealing with very small particles/sample sizes, absorption is low ■ Low output variation o
Slide 29: Discharge Lamps – Xenon/HgXe Lamps
Types of Discharge Lamps – Xenon/HgXe Lamps ■ Xenon and Mercury Xenon Lamps are high pressure gas discharge lamps (10-20 atm) emitting multiple spectral features from UV to NIR. ・Small region of emission ・High luminance, high radiance output ・Emission Spectrum (185nm to 2000nm) ・Wide range of applic
Slide 30: Xenon/HgXe Lamps Feature Application Benefit
Types of Discharge Lamps – Xenon/HgXe Lamps Feature Application Benefit Distinct Xenon or Hg emission peaks High intensity at these peaks High color temperature (6000K) Can simulate solar spectrum Point source with high radiance Produce high intensity collimated beam Broad UV to NIR output V
Slide 31: Xe/HgXe Lamp Applications
Types of Discharge Lamps – Xenon/HgXe Lamps Xe/HgXe Lamp Applications ■ Wafer Inspection System ■ UV Curing System ■ Fluorescence Spectrophotometer ■ Air Pollution Analyzer 🄫 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. and its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 31
Slide 32: HgXe Lamps – UV Curing
Types of Discharge Lamps – HgXe Lamps UV Curing ■ UV light initiates a photochemical reaction to cure or “dry” inks, coatings, or adhesives ■ Photo chemical reactions are initiated by specific wavelengths of interaction ■ UV spectral lines correspond with wavelength of interaction of many UV curable
Slide 33: Discharge Lamps – Xenon Flash Lamps
Types of Discharge Lamps – Xenon Flash Lamps ■ Xenon Flash Lamps are xenon gas discharge lamps emitting a broad spectrum of light from UV and going into NIR. • Short warm up time 1.0E+01 • Pulsed, high-intensity light XE-F (5W) Halogen lamp (50W) • Features a small size, and low heat build-up 1.0E+0
Slide 34: Xenon Flash Lamps Feature Application Benefit
Types of Discharge Lamps – Xenon Flash Lamps Feature Application Benefit High peak irradiance per pulse Delivers many photons in short burst Pulsed operation Can synchronize output with exposure time Low heat build-up Easier integration into enclosures Short warm up time Minimize delay in ta
Slide 35: Xenon Flash Lamp Applications
Types of Discharge Lamps – Xenon Flash Lamps Xenon Flash Lamp Applications ■ UV-VIS Spectrophotometer ■ Gas Monitoring ■ Water Quality Monitoring ■ Blood Analysis 🄫 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. and its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 35
Slide 36: Xenon Flash Lamps – Spectrophotometry Instruments
Types of Discharge Lamps – Xenon Flash Lamps Spectrophotometry Instruments ■ Spectrophotometers have wide uses in chemistry and biology for reflectance and transmission measurements of samples ■ Typically measurement is desired for various wavelengths of interaction ■ Needs to be plug and play for i
Slide 37: Discharge Lamps – Key Takeaways
Discharge Lamps – Key Takeaways Deuterium Lamps Xe/HgXe Xe Flash Lamps Advantages High Stability (0.005%) Broad UV to NIR Output Broad UV-NIR Output Broad UV output High stability Pulsed output High Color Temp (6000K) Short warm-up time High peak irradiance Low heat generation Di
Slide 38: Specialty Sources
Specialty Sources 🄫 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. and its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 38
Slide 39: Laser Driven Light Source
Laser Driven Light Source ■ The Laser Driven Light Source™ is a more recent variation of traditional pressurized xenon arc lamps. The key difference is the plasma of this specialized xenon bulb is only just initially generated by the electrodes. Then light emitting plasma is then sustained by a high
Slide 40: Laser Drive Light Source - Characteristics
Laser Drive Light Source - Characteristics ■ The LDLS has long lifetime due to low wear electrode wear, ~10,000 hours ■ High brightness ■ Efficient for small spot size illumination ■ UV-VIS-NIR output ■ Point Source ■ Applications: • Semiconductor Wafer Inspection • Thin Film Measurement • Color Ana
Slide 41: Laser Driven Light Source – Radiance Comparison
Laser Driven Light Source Radiance (brightness) comparison 🄫 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. and its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 41
Slide 42: Laser Driven Light Source Feature Application Benefit
Laser Driven Light Source Feature Application Benefit High Brightness from small spot Couple into small fiber or aperture Long Life Long uptime, minimize maintenance cost Broad UV-VIS-NIR Output Various wavelengths of interaction/metrology Full system Easy to integrate/use High Relative Spat
Slide 43: Laser Driven Light Source – Semiconductor Inspection
Laser Driven Light Source Semiconductor Inspection ■ Increasing miniaturization of electronics = smaller features/small field of view for inspection ■ Uptime is extremely important ■ Smaller, brighter, plasma couples a lot of light into small spot ■ This enables detection of small features as well a
Slide 44: Supercontinuum Light Sources – Principle of Operation
Supercontinuum Light Sources – Principle of Operation ＳＣ Light Input Light Non-linear Optical Material Ultrashort Pulse Laser Highly Non-liner Fiber Photonic Crystal Fiber 10 μm 🄫 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. and its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 44
Slide 45: Supercontinuum Light Sources – Principle of Operation
Supercontinuum Light Sources – Principle of Operation Supercontinuum light generation varies based on a number of factors: • Chromatic dispersion of fiber or nonlinear medium • Length of fiber or nonlinear medium • Pump source pulse duration • Pump source peak power • Pump source wavelength 🄫…
Slide 46: Supercontinuum Light Sources – Characteristics
Supercontinuum Light Sources – Characteristics Optical Characterisitcs ■ Spatial coherence is usually very high ■ Low temporal coherence (broadband output) ■ Spectral output range of supercontinuum generated light varies based on design. Can range anywhere from VIS into NIR. ■ Applications: Optical
Slide 47: Supercontinuum Light Sources Feature Application Benefit
Supercontinuum Light Sources Feature Application Benefit High Spatial Coherence/Low Temporal Coherence Advantageous interferometric properties High Relative Stability More accurate measurement Broadband Various wavelengths of interaction/metrology High brightness (10um fiber) Provides broadb
Slide 48: Specialty Sources – Key Takeaways
Specialty Sources – Key Takeaways Laser Driven Light Source Super Continuum Light Source Advantages High Brightness from small spot High Brightness, laser level output Broadband Output Broadband NIR Low electrode wear/long life-time High Spatial Coherence High spatial stability Disadva
Slide 49: Energetiq Technology Inc: Laser-Driven Light Sources
Energetiq Technology Inc Founded in March 2004 Wholly Owned Subsidiary of Hamamatsu - Energetiq joined Hamamatsu in October 2017 Based in Wilmington, MA 01887 USA Laser-Driven Light Sources: LDLS™ Upcoming Webinars: July 14th - Extreme Ultraviolet Light Sources Supporting Next- generation Lithograph
Slide 50: Summary
Summary 🄫 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. and its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 50
Slide 51: Summary and Conclusions
Summary and Conclusions High Low Stability Cost Deuterium Xenon SC Light Lamps LDLS Thermal Lamps Sources LEDs* Sources High Brightness Low Power Consumption Narrowband Broadband Graphene LEDs* SC Light Source Lasers* SLDs* LDLS Sources 🄫 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. and its affiliates. All Rights…
Slide 52: Summary and Conclusions
Summary and Conclusions Tungsten Globar Graphene D2 Lamp Xenon Xe lamp LDLS SC Halogen Flash Wavelength range 200 – 3000nm 500 – 9000nm 1000-7000nm 115-400nm 185-2500nm 185-2000nm 170-2400nm 1300-2000nm (nm) Stability(%) ±0.3% ±0.05% - ±.005% ±2% ±0.1% ±0.2% ±0.1% Relative Intensity 20x 100x - 1x 10
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Contact Us We’d like to hear from you ■ Light source selection questions ■ Ideal light source characteristics ■ New applications https://www.hamamatsu.com 🄫 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. and its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 53
Slide 54: Join Us for 10 Weeks of FREE Photonics Webinars
Join Us for 10 Weeks of FREE Photonics Webinars (17 Topics) Week # Weekly Topics # of Talks Talk #1 Date Talk #2 Date 1 Introduction to Photodetectors 2 26-May-20 28-May-20 2 Emerging Applications - LiDAR & Flow Cytometry 2 2-Jun-20 4-Jun-20 3 Understanding Spectrometer 2 9-Jun-20 11-Jun-20 1 Weeks
Slide 55: References
References https://www.energetiq.com/technote-understanding-radiance-brightness-irradiance-radiant-flux https://www.bentham.co.uk/knowledge/tools-resources/technical-notes/measurement-of-spectral-irradiance-152/ http://bazar.balzer-photography.com/uv-vis-spectroscopy/ https://www.bentham.co.uk/knowl
Slide 56: 🄫 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. and its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
🄫 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. and its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 58