Albemarle Corporation · NYSE:ALB
Albemarle — Benchmark Minerals Cathodes 2018 Conference
14 slides from Albemarle's conference presentation, Oct 24, 2018
Slide 1: Lithium supply bottlenecks: from mine to market
Albemarle Corporation Lithium supply bottlenecks: from mine to market Eric Norris President, Lithium Benchmark Minerals Cathodes 2018 Conference Wednesday, October 24th, 2018
Slide 2: Forward-Looking Statements
Forward-Looking Statements Some of the information presented in this presentation, the webcast and discussions that follow, including, without limitation, statements with respect to product development, technology improvements, market trends, price, expected growth, input costs, costs and cost syner
Slide 3: Why is it challenging to get new lithium supply to market?
Why is it challenging to get new lithium supply to market? Quality and consistency of resources vary widely and can determine success or failure of a new lithium project That resource variation drives the need for tailored chemical conversion capabilities for lithium materials New and un-tuned conve
Slide 4: Each resource is unique – in many different respects
Each resource is unique – in many different respects Resource Scale Real Resource Example Resource Grade Climate Resource Chemistry & Technology Energy Intensity / Availability Opportunity Fresh Water Intensity / Availability Infrastructure / Location Political/Legal/Social/Economic Waste/Tailings M
Slide 5: Brine resources have significant differences
Brine resources have significant differences 0.18 Salt Content (Weight %)1 Resource Na K Li Mg Ca Cl SO4 0.16 Salar de Atacama - Chile Clayton Valley - USA 4.69 0.4 0.0163 0.019 0.045 7.26 0.34 Salar de Hombre Muerto - 0.14 Salar de Atacama - Chile 9.1 2.36 0.157 0.965 0.045 18.95 1.59 Salar de Homb
Slide 6: Hard rock also varies in quality, grade and chemical profile
Hard rock also varies in quality, grade and chemical profile Mineral1 Formula Average Li2O% Pakagema Lake - CAN Spodumene LiAlSi2O6 2.9-7.7 Separation Rapids - CAN Kings Mountain - USA Jadar - SER Mt. Holland - AUS Petalite LiAl(Si4O10) 3.0-4.7 Whabouchi - CAN Mina do Barroso - PRT Pilgangoora - AUS
Slide 7: End-use quality standards demand well tuned conversion processes
End-use quality standards demand well tuned conversion processes • Morphology (form & structure) & Particle Size – Cathode structure – Processing Efficiency • Impurities – Side reactions – Conductivity – SEI Layer Formation – Electrolyte integrity – Thermal Stability Resource variability and scarce
Slide 8: Purity and consistency: a significant driver of battery performance
Purity and consistency: a significant driver of battery performance Impurities “deactivate” lattice Material variation contributes positions in the metal oxide and to over/under charge and DEGRADE CAPACITY COMPROMISES SAFETY SEPARATOR CATHODE ANODE All degradation pathways Impurities “clog” ion cond
Slide 9: Bringing lithium products to xEV market is lengthy and complex
Bringing lithium products to xEV market is lengthy and complex Performance Battery Battery Battery OEM’s Products Components Cells Packs Raw Materials Li Carbonate Cathode, Anode, Cylindrical, xEV, PEV, BEV, PHEV, Li Hydroxide Electrolyte Pouch, Prismatic ESS, CE HEV • Specification • Specifications
Slide 10: Cathode and battery material requirements are dynamic
Cathode and battery material requirements are dynamic Current Advanced Next Frontier high cobalt microporous graphite higher nickel ceramic graphite sulfur solid-state lithium compositions polymer compositions coatings thinner + silicon metal pre- lithiation SEPARATOR SEPARATOR CATHODE CATHODE CATHO
Slide 11: Lithium plays a key role in battery technology evolution
Lithium plays a key role in battery technology evolution Next Next Current Advanced Current Advanced Frontier Frontier Energy Density Wh/kg Graphite Anode Cell Cost $/kWh -20% Lithium SiOx Modified Anode Anode +20% +100% -15% Lithium Anode SiOx Modified Anode -50% +20% Graphite Anode Material and ce
Slide 12: Examples of advanced lithium materials from Albemarle
Examples of advanced lithium materials from Albemarle Patented lithium-based materials Li2S - key ingredient in next Lithium metal foils for to enable long cycle life frontier solid separators next frontier anodes J. Mater. Chem. A, 2017,5, 21846-21857 J. Power Sources, 2007,174, 852-855 Leading cat
Slide 13: In summary, multiple factors make lithium a specialized business
In summary, multiple factors make lithium a specialized business The lithium industry is still maturing from a technical and commercial perspective – does not behave like a commodity industry Obtaining capabilities to bring lithium from mine to market takes time Competitive cost advantage limited to
Slide 14: www.albemarle.com
‘\ ALBEMARLE’ NYSE www.albemarle.com 14
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