Slide 1: Aqueous Dispersed Pigments for Single Pass, High Speed Commercial Inkjet Printing
Aqueous Dispersed Pigments for Single Pass, High Speed Commercial Inkjet Printing CAB-O-JET® Inkjet Colorants: An enabling solution November 2008
Slide 2: Agenda
Agenda • Commercial printing industry trends – Offset vs Digital – Toner vs Inkjet • The opportunity for inkjet – Strengths for inkjet – New market entries • Making Inkjet work: – Dyes vs Pigments • Aqueous pigment dispersion chemistries: – Conventional vs surface modified pigments • Performance of
Slide 3: Commercial Printing Applications
Commercial Printing Applications This is ‘Print for Pay”
Slide 4: Size of the Commercial printing market
Size of the Commercial printing market. • Inkjet Inkjet and EP Many printing technologies 16 (Trillions A4 Sheet Equivalent)* 12 Pages Printed 46 8 2.6 4 0.2 0 Consumer Office Commercial From: Lyra
Slide 5: Distribution of Print Volume by Process
Distribution of Print Volume by Process Printing, Publishing and Packaging 2006 2015* Offset Lithography 42% 38% Conventional plates 39% 31% Waterless plates Decreasing 3% 7% Gravure 19% 17% Flexography 19% 21% Letterpress 4% 2% Screen & other Plate Systems 2% 2% Digital: Increasing 12% 20% Estimate
Slide 6: Trends in the printing industry
Trends in the printing industry • Shorter runs • More color • Faster turn around time • Various papers • “Distribute and Print” • “Personalization” • Lower costs • Digital printing can satisfy these requirements better than conventional
Slide 7: Types of Inkjet Print Heads
Types of Inkjet Print Heads: Drop on Demand Continuous Thermal type Piezo type heater vapor nozzle Charging bubble ink deflection Epson Canon Brother Fujifilm Dimatix Recycled HP Panasonic ink Lexmark Kyocera Kodak Versamark All three can work with pigmented inks
Slide 8: Toner Processes
Toner Processes Canon Ricoh Xerox HP Can be 'dry' or 'liquid' toner
Slide 9: Comparison of Inkjet vs Toner
Comparison of Inkjet vs Toner Inkjet Toner Hardware simplicity + - Cost + - Reliability + + speed + - (fusing limitation) Quality - + Paper versatility - + Technology status Advancing Mature “Scalability” + - – Both will coexist and find their niche in the commercial printing markets.
Slide 10: Speed/Quality Printing Landscape
Speed/Quality Printing Landscape Inkjet capability: Challenge High Offset Press 500-5000ppm easy Digital 'Quality' 60-150ppm Office SOHO 30-60ppm 1000-2000 ppm 10-20ppm transactional Low Low 'Speed' High
Slide 11: Opportunities and Challenges for Inkjet
Opportunities and Challenges for Inkjet • Opportunity: – Speed and cost: Inkjet can be expected to print at the higher speeds at lower cost vs toner. – Hardware simplicity: 'Non contact' printing, no fusing, lower energy demands. • Challenge: – Ability to print on many types of papers, including non
Slide 12: Single Pass Inkjet Product Launches at DRUPA
Single Pass Inkjet product Launches at DRUPA
Slide 13: HP Web Press
HP Web Press Speed: 122 m/min (2600 A4/min) Colorant: Aqueous pigments Printhead: TIJ, (HP) Resolution: 600 x 600 dpi Fixer: Yes For printing on uncoated papers. Books, Newspapers, Direct Mail and Transactional
Slide 14: Oce JetStream 2200
Oce JetStream 2200 Speed: 150 m/min Twin Engine system. (2200 A4/min) DigiDot technology allows for Colorant: Aqueous dye variable dot size printing. Printhead: Piezo (Kyocera) Target market: Direct Mail and Resolution: 600 dpi Transactional printing. Fixer: none
Slide 15: Dainippon Screen Truepress Jet520
Dainippon Screen Truepress Jet520 Speed: 64m/min (1400 A4/min) Target Market segments: Colorant: Aqueous Pigment TransPromo, newspapers, Printhead: Epson Resolution: 720 x 720 direct mail, etc Fixer: none
Slide 16: Kodak Versamark VL2000
Kodak Versamark VL2000 Speed: 75 m/min 1008 (A4/min) Colorant: Aqueous Pigments Printhead: Panasonic Resolution: 600 dpi Fixer: none Target Markets: TransPromo, Direct mail and transactional
Slide 17: iMPiKA iPress 600
iMPiKA iPress 600 Speed: 75 m/min (1200 A4/min) Target Markets: Colorant: Aqueous dye or Direct Mail, Transactional, Pigment Labelling (4-6 colors) Printhead: Panasonic Resolution: 600 x 600 Fixer: none
Slide 18: Dye vs Pigment for Aqueous Inkjet
Dye vs Pigment for Aqueous Inkjet Dye Pigment Cost* low med Vivid Color + - Recyclability - +/- Lightfastness - + Formulation Flexibility + - Printhead Reliability + -
Slide 19: Why use Pigments for Commercial Inkjet Printing?
Why use Pigments for Commercial Inkjet Printing? • Durability – Books, Trans-promo, Tax Bills and marketing collateral all require image durability. • Customer Expectations: – Pigments are used in offset printing. – Perceived value of pigments is high. • Interaction with Media: – Dye's tend to diffu
Slide 20: Colloidal Stability of Pigments
Colloidal Stability of Pigments Adsorbed stabilizers can diffuse off the pigment and lead to flocculation Attached stabilizers provide stability under a variety of conditions
Slide 21: Cabot's Diazonium Attachment Chemistry
Cabot’s Diazonium Attachment Chemistry What type of groups R can be attached? H2N + 2 HX + NaNO2 H2O ? ⊕ R XN N + NaX + 2 H2O Pigment Which pigments can be treated ? R Pigment + HX + N2 ?
Slide 22: Examples of Functional Groups
Examples of Functional Groups: = Anionic: CO2 - SO3 - PO3 + + Cationic: N NR3 Hydrophobic: CO2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 CF3 O O Reactive: CH2NH2 S OSO3Na
Slide 23: Classes of Pigments Which can be Treated
Classes of Pigments Which can be Treated: Quinacridones, (Magenta PR-122) NO2 Me N Copper Phthalocyanines O N (Cyan PB 15:4) H OMe HN O OMe Azo’s (Yellow PY-74)
Slide 24: And, of course, Carbon Black
And, of course, Carbon Black: - O2C CO2 - - O2C - O2C CO2 - CO2 - CO2 - - O2C CO2 - Diazonium - O2C CO2 - - O2C CO2 - - O2C Reaction - O2C CO2 - - O2C - O2C CO2 - - O2C CO2 - Carbon Black - O2C - O2C CO2 - Agglomerates Ionic Stabilization of Primary Aggregates Particle size: 80-120 nm.
Slide 25: Amphoteric Pigments made by Reactive Groups
Amphoteric Pigments made by Reactive Groups: NH2 H2N NH2 O S O PEI H2N NH2 NH2 H2N NH2 OSO3Na H2N NH2 CO2- - O O2C NH2 NH2 HN NH O H2N NH2 H2N NH2 H2N NH2 O O O NH2 H2N NH NH2 CO2- H2N NH2 HN NH2 O Succinic anhydride O H2N NH2 Amphoteric CO2- - - - - - + + + + - + + - - - - + + + + + + + - - + ++ -
Slide 26: Polymer Attachment made by Reactive Groups
Polymer Attachment made by Reactive Groups NH2 O H2N NH2 S O PEI H2N NH2 NH2 H2N NH2 OSO3Na H2N NH2 Na O2C Na O2C CO2 Na XOC CO2 Na NH2 COX Na O2C H2N XOC NH2 Na O2C H2N NH2 COX CO2 Na NH2 H2N NH2 Na O2C CO2 Na H2N NH2 CO2 Na Na O2C Typically polystyrene CO2 Na CO2 Na acrylic acid Ionized at high (9
Slide 27: A New Class of Treatment: Recognition Groups for Paper Components
A New Class of Treatment: Recognition Groups for Paper Components Molecules which strongly Interact with paper Printed on paper Interaction with paper causes Particles are highly rapid flocculation of charged and stable in ink the pigments “Self Fixing”
Slide 28: Surface Modification Summary
Surface Modification Summary Treatment Type Counterion Type • Ionic (+ and -) • Negative/Positive • Non-ionic • Organic/inorganic • Multiple/additional • Small molecules/polymers treatments • Polymers Pigment Type Treatment Level Black adjusted for desired Cyan properties Magenta Yellow
Slide 29: The Needs of Commercial Printing
The Needs of Commercial Printing: • Image Durability • Color Gamut • Image Quality • Paper Independence • Jetting reliability • Fast fixing on paper • Environmentally friendly • Recyclability/deinking • Low cost
Slide 30: The Interaction of Ink/Media
The Interaction of Ink/Media • Print properties depend on ink/media interactions: – Absorption characteristics of the paper. – Method of drop placement (ie, avoiding adjacency). – Use of heated drying. – Use of fixer in the paper (such as Colorlok) – Applying fixer to any paper prior to printing.
Slide 31: Experimental Testing
Experimental Testing • Surface modified treated pigments tested: – Anionic type, paper recognition (PR) type and polymer attached (PA) type. – Ink type: Simple piezo, only water, pigment, co-solvent and surfactant. – Printer used: Epson desktop C88 • Papers tested: – Xerox 4200, Newsprint, and ‘fixe
Slide 32: Properties Tested and Method
Properties Tested and Method: • OD: Gretag Spectro Eye • Highlighter Smear: 2 pass Sharpie Accent Yellow @ 24 hours. • Wet Rub Smear: 2 pass water filled Accent Highlighter @ 24 hours • Color Gamut: Gretag Spectro Eye Spectrodensitometer • Intercolor Bleed: ImageXpert and Visual ranking
Slide 33: Wet rub tests and Highlighter Smear tests
Wet rub tests Highlighter Smear tests 5 min; 24 hrs. OD and dry rub For color gamut tests measurements
Slide 34: Effect of treatment type on OD
Effect of treatment type on OD 2 1.5 Newsprint OD 1 Xerox 4200 0.5 Colorlok 0 Anionic Type Paper Recognition Polymer Attached Type Pigment Treatment OD trend: PR type is best. PA causes OD to be lower. Colorlok always larger.
Slide 35: Effect of Treatment Type on Highlighter Smear
Effect of Treatment Type on Highlighter Poor Smear 25 Normalized Sm ear* 20 Newsprint 15 Xerox 4200 10 Colorlok 5 0 Anionic Type Paper Recognition Polymer Attached Type Excellent Pigment treatment Smear Trend: PA best (but tradeoff with OD). Some improvement seen with PR type and fixer. *Normalized
Slide 36: Examples of good and poor highlighter smear and wet rub
Examples of good and poor highlighter smear and wet rub Anionic type pigment on Colorlok Paper (but good OD) Polymer Attached pigment On Xerox 4200 paper. (OD is lower also).
Slide 37: Effect of Treatment Type on Wet Rub
Effect of Treatment Type on Wet Rub Normalized wet smear Poor 15 Newsprint 10 Xerox 4200 5 Colorlok 0 Anionic Type Paper Recognition Polymer Attached Excellent Type Type Treatment Type Wet Rub trend is the same as for smear – Trade off with OD. None are ‘excellent’ *Normalized Wet Smear = 100x(smear
Slide 38: Effect of Treatment Type on Intercolor Bleed
Effect of Treatment Type on Intercolor Excellent Bleed 5 Bleed Rating 4 Newsprint 3 2 Xerox 4200 1 Colorlok 0 Poor Anionic Type Paper Recognition Polymer Attached Type Type Treatment Type ICB trend: Colorlok is always best. PR type improves all papers.
Slide 39: Example of Intercolor bleed
Example of Intercolor bleed On Colorok paper On newsprint paper (good) (poor, movement of pigment along fibers) Polymer attached pigment
Slide 40: Color Space-Newspaper
Color Space-Newspaper 80 60 40 b* 20 0 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 -20 -40 a* Anionic Type PR type PA Type Largest color gamut is with paper recognition treatments on the pigments. However, not a large difference because newsprint is poor quality paper.
Slide 41: Color Space-Xerox4200
Color Space-Xerox4200 100 80 60 40 b* 20 0 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 -20 -40 -60 a* Anionic type PR Type PA Type Again, largest color gamut is with paper recognition treatments on the pigments
Slide 42: Color Space-HPMP
Color Space-HPMP 100 80 60 40 b* 20 0 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 -20 -40 -60 a* Anionic Type PR Type PA Type Colorlok paper is best of all; anionic type treatment is still the smallest gamut.
Slide 43: Deinkability/Recyclability
Deinkability/Recyclability • Another important consideration of the ink/media interaction is the impact on deinkability/recyclability. • Reducing the environmental impact of inkjet requires that the prints be compatible with existing recycling operations. • This is especially true for the printing o
Slide 44: Pigmented Ink with Fixer can have good Recyclability
Pigmented Ink with Fixer can have good Recyclability: *Data from Axel Fischer, INGEDE Good Bad No With Fixer Fixer Dye Pigment Ink Ink HP Web Press * Presented at NIP 24, 9/10/2008
Slide 45: Summary Table
Summary Table Pigment type Polymer Anionic Paper Recognition attached Fixer OD o + - + Durability (smear and water) o -/+ + - Color Gamut o + + + Recyclability ? ? ? + Intercolor Bleed o + - +
Slide 46: Conclusions
Conclusions • Pigments which are commonly used in inkjet printing can be surface treated via Cabot’s diazonium chemistry to provide a variety of functions. • Improvements in OD, color gamut and intercolor bleed can be achieved when the surface treating agent is comprised of chemical groups which dir
Slide 47: Cabot's Views of Colorants for High Speed Commercial Printing
Cabot’s Views of Colorants for High Speed Commercial Printing • Aqueous pigmented ink will dominate as IJ takes more shares from Offset printing. • Optimizing for all aspects of high speed commercial printing, ie, OD, durability, color gamut and recyclability should be possible by the judicious sele