Agl Energy Limited · ASX:AGL
Agl Energy — Technical Presentation (October 2018)
96 slides from Agl Energy's technical presentation, Oct 22, 2018
Slide 1: AGL Electricity Knowledge Course
AGL Electricity Knowledge Course Melbourne, 22 October 2018
Slide 2: Electricity theory, Electricity systems, Keeping the lights on
1 Electricity theory David Bartolo Head of Asset Intelligence 2 Electricity systems David Bartolo Head of Asset Intelligence 3 Keeping the lights on Melinda Buchanan General Manager Physical Markets
Slide 3: Electricity theory
Electricity theory • Electricity theory building blocks • Currents – DC/AC • Power factor theory • Three phase circuits • Voltage transformers
Slide 4: Electric Current
Electric Current The movement of electric charge is known as an electric current Current can consist of any moving charged particles, most commonly these are The Atom The Electron Cloud electrons AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018 4
Slide 5: Resistance, EMF and Current
Resistance Ohm UNIT = OHMS Symbol = R Electro Motive Force (EMF) Current UNIT = Volts Volt UNIT = Amps Amp Symbol = V Symbol = I AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018 5
Slide 6: AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018
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Slide 7: AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018
AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018 7
Slide 8: Direct Current (DC) and Alternating Current (AC)
Direct Current (DC) Alternating Current (AC) The electrons flow in one direction around a The electrons are moving back and forth circuit (shaking) in the circuit AC AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018 8
Slide 9: War of the Currents
War of the Currents Edison Tesla DC generation systems AC generation systems Requires each load to have Allows for remote its own local generation generators, however system due to the losses voltages need to be higher involved AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018 9
Slide 10: The resistor DC circuit
The resistor DC circuit kW.hr to Joules conversion 1kW.hr = 1000 x 60 x 60 J = 3,600,000 J V=R x I = 3.6 MJ R= V / I R= 2.4 OHMS P=V x I P= 240 x 100 P= 24,000 J/s P= 24,000 W P= 24 kW AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018 10
Slide 11: The Resistor AC Circuit
The Resistor AC Circuit AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018 11
Slide 12: Resistor Volts / Amps Characteristic
Resistor Volts / Amps Characteristic Current is in phase with voltage AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018 12
Slide 13: Resistor Volts / Amps Characteristic
Resistor Volts / Amps Characteristic Power Factor = Cos φ = Cos 0o = 1 Unity AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018 13
Slide 14: Inductor AC Circuit
Inductor AC Circuit AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018 14
Slide 15: Inductor Volts / Amps Characteristic
Inductor Volts / Amps Characteristic Current is lagging voltage by 90 degrees AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018 15
Slide 16: Inductor Volts / Amps Characteristic
Inductor Volts / Amps Characteristic Power Factor = Cos φ = Cos 90o =0 Lagging AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018 16
Slide 17: Capacitor AC Circuit
Capacitor AC Circuit AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018 17
Slide 18: Capacitor Volts / Amps Characteristic
Capacitor Volts / Amps Characteristic Current is leading voltage by 90 degrees AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018 18
Slide 19: Capacitor Volts / Amps Characteristic
Capacitor Volts / Amps Characteristic Power Factor = Cos φ = Cos -90o =0 Leading AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018 19
Slide 20: Load Network
Load Network AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018 20
Slide 21: Inductive Load Volts / Amps Characteristic
Inductive Load Volts / Amps Characteristic Current is lagging voltage by 40 degrees AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018 21
Slide 22: Inductive Load Volts/Amps Characteristic
Inductive Load Volts/Amps Characteristic Power Factor = Cos φ = Cos 40o = 0.766 Lagging AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018 22
Slide 23: Reactive and Real Power
Ф = + 40 Degrees IIND = I sin(Φ) I= 100A Q = V x I sin(Φ) (VARS) Reactive Power Φo IRES = I cos(Φ) 240V P = V x I cos(Φ) (Watts) Real Power AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018 23
Slide 24: Lagging system: generator supplying VARs
S = Apparent Power Ф = + 40 Degrees =VxI = 240 x 100 = 24kVA P = Real Power = V x I x Cos φ = 240 x 100 x 0.766 = 18.385 kW Q = Reactive Power = V x I x Sin φ = 240 x 100 x 0.6427 = 15.427 kVAR Lagging system = Generator Supplying VARS = Load Absorbing VARs AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October
Slide 25: Leading system: generator absorbing VARs
S = Apparent Power Ф = - 40 Degrees =VxI = 240 x 100 = 24 kVA P = Real Power = V x I x Cos φ = 240 x 100 x 0.766 = 18.385 kW Q = Reactive Power = V x I x Sin φ = 240 x 100 x -0.6427 = -15.427 kVAR Leading system = Generator Absorbing VARS = Load Supplying VARs AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | Octo
Slide 26: Smart factory: bad power factor
SMART FACTORY PF = COS (50o) METER LOAD =P/S = 0.64 LAG (BAD PF) Q (Reactive Power) = 261kVAR 50o P (Real Power) = 200kW AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018 26
Slide 27: Smart factory: good power factor
o PF = COS (18 ) SMART FACTORY METER PFC LOAD =P/S FACTORY = 0.95 LAG Q (Reactive Power) = 261kVAR (GOOD PF) PFC MAKING 197kVAR METER Q (Reactive Power) = 64kVAR 18o P (Real Power) = 200kW AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018 27
Slide 28: AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018
AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018 28
Slide 29: AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018
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Slide 30: AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018
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Slide 31: Transformer containing 22kV and 415V
HV Fuses 11-33kV 415V Common Neutral Wire LV Fuses Transformer Contains both 22kV and 415V AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018 31
Slide 32: AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018
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Slide 33: Power Transformer
Power Transformer x AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018 33
Slide 34: Power line resistance and losses
V I R VBACK= RI PLOST= VI PLOST= RI x I = R I2 AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018 34
Slide 35: Every power line has a resistance
V I R Every power line has a resistance. By reducing the current by a factor When current is passed down it, of 2 we reduce the power loss by a a power loss occurs. factor of 4, … and the easiest way to reduce the current is to increase the voltage. AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018 35
Slide 36: Generation, transmission and distribution voltages
Sub Transmission 66kV Generation Transmission 6.6 – 25kV 220 – 500kV Domestic Distribution 415V 11-33kV AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018 36
Slide 37: Electricity systems
Electricity systems • AC Generator • Connecting to the grid • Generator types
Slide 38: AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018
AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018 38
Slide 39: AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018
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Slide 40: Synchronous speed formula
AT 50 Hz No of poles P nsyn (rpm) 2 1 3000.0 4 2 1500.0 6 3 1000.0 8 4 750.0 10 5 600.0 nsyn=(60 x f) / p 12 14 6 7 500.0 428.6 16 8 375.0 18 9 333.3 n = Rotor Speed in RPM 20 10 300.0 22 11 272.7 24 12 250.0 f = frequency of electricity generated 26 13 230.8 28 14 214.3 p = number of pole pairs 30
Slide 41: AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018
AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018 41
Slide 42: Salient Pole Rotor
Salient Pole Rotor AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018 42
Slide 43: AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018
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Slide 44: Cross-section of a large turbo generator
Cross-section of a large turbo generator. (Courtesy Westinghouse) AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018 44
Slide 45: AC Generator
AC Generator Stator Construction AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018 45
Slide 46: AC Generator: West Kiewa Power Station
AC Generator West Kiewa Power Station 18,000 kVA Salient Pole Generator and stator AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018 46
Slide 47: Excitation current in a synchronous generator
In a Synchronous Generator the rotor pole windings need to be supplied with a variable DC current to produce the magnetic field required. V V This current is called ‘Excitation Current’ or ‘Field Current’. The current needs to be variable to Large adjust Network the stator voltage when off line (Gen
Slide 48: Automatic Voltage Regulator
The device that supplies the DC excitation current to the rotor is called the Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR). The AVR contains a thyristor bridge that converts an AC supply to a variable DC output. The thyristors are controlled via a micro processor to achieve a desired voltage output or VAR outp
Slide 49: AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018
AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018 49
Slide 50: AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018
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Slide 51: Rotor windings and slip rings
ROTOR WINDINGS SLIP RINGS AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018 51
Slide 52: Generator excitation system diagram
Stator NORTH Rotor SOUTH Slip Rings Turbine Stator Excitation Transformer 200 V + - 16kV 110 V Voltage AC DC Feedback Excitation Excitation Signal Supply Output Voltage VT Transformer Fuses AVR Field Flash DC Supply Generator Transformer + - 275kV DC Battery Gen CB X X X Room AGL Electricity Knowled
Slide 53: Synchronising a generator to the network
Synchronising is the process of electrically V V connecting an additional generator to a live Network. Large Network To do this correctly the AC voltage characteristics of the Generator need to be carefully matched to that of the ‘live’ network it is being connected to. The characteristics that need
Slide 54: Generator and network voltage and frequency
Generator Voltage (kV) Synchroscope Network Voltage (kV) Red 16.10 Red 16.01 White 16.12 White 16.03 Blue 16.13 Blue 16.02 Generator Frequency (Hz) Network Frequency (Hz) 50.05 50.00 Generator Voltage Control Generator CB Control Generator Speed Control Lower Raise OPEN CLOSE Lower Raise AGL Electri
Slide 55: The synchroscope
The syncroscope The phase relationship Synchroscope provides two between the two important pieces voltages (generator and of information system) and The speed difference between the two frequencies AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018 55
Slide 56: Slow / Fast
Slow Fast AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018 56
Slide 57: System frequency and generator frequency
System Frequency Slow Fast Generator Frequency 50 Hz 50.2 49.8 52 Hz 48 Hz 5050 50 –– 50.2 50 –49.8 – 52 = -2 48 == 0.2 2 Hz Hz -0.2 Hz Hz = 1 rotation = 1==rotation 11rotationevery every rotationevery 5 sec 0.50.5 every 5secAnticlockwise sec secAntiClockwise Direction ClockwiseDirection Clockwise D
Slide 58: AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018
AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018 58
Slide 59: AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018
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Slide 60: AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018
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Slide 61: AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018
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Slide 62: Excitation limiters
Excitation Limiters are a control device that allow the machine to continue to operate in a “safe” manner. They are not classed as protection that trip the machine. Under Excitation Limiter The Over Excitation (UEL) is required to Limiter (OEL) is protect generator from required to protect a pole sl
Slide 63: System imbalance and inertia
During system imbalance events, system frequency will change Not enough power generation will lead to frequency drop Too much power generation will lead to frequency increase Synchronous generators have their rotors locked in to the speed of the network when connected, as such They need to be accele
Slide 64: Asynchronous generators
Magnetic field is induced on the rotor from the stator The stator needs VARS to do this (capacitors supply) The induced rotor field slowly rotates on the rotor The rotor rotates up to 15% faster than the system speed at full power output. This is called the slip speed. These generators are ideal for
Slide 65: Open circuit generator vs generator connected to large network
FOR AN OPEN CIRCUIT GENERATOR FOR A GENERATOR CONNECTED (or connected to a small load) TO A LARGE NETWORK If excitation is increased If excitation is increased voltage will increase VAR output will increase If fuel flow is increased If fuel flow is increased speed will increase Real power output wil
Slide 66: AC vs DC revisited
AC vs DC revisited Due to losses, DC Now, we have a large These need to be systems required a penetration of roof top converted to AC to station “every mile or solar and battery enable connection to the so”, to provide correct storage. These systems grid and compatibility voltages. At the time this
Slide 67: Inverters: stand alone and grid connected
An inverter is used to convert DC voltage into AC voltage Stand Alone Grid Connected • Camping • Solar Panels • Remote work sites • Battery AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018 67
Slide 68: Volts
+100% -100% +66% +33% -33% -66% 0% Time Volts AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018 68
Slide 69: Power transfer between waves
Target Wave Wave =Smaller Incoming Larger Behind Ahead of than Wave Incoming than Incoming Incoming Incoming Wave WaveWave-- No Wave Power Transfer Power (Charge) (Generate) Transfer Reactive - No Transfer Reactive (Exporting) (Importing) Transfer AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018 69
Slide 70: AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018
AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018 70
Slide 71: The Virtual Power Plant
The “Virtual” By connecting small This enables the stand alone inverters control of power Power Plant and batteries flows contributing to together, and the network in a even controlling them from and predictable a single controller, a manner. larger combined virtual power supply can be created. AGL
Slide 72: Downed power lines and step potential
Voltage radiates away from the contact point of downed power lines Voltage levels depend on resistivity of the ground contacted Step potential is the voltage difference between two contact points Therefore … Keep well clear of any downed power lines Be aware of “auto reclose” and lines becoming aliv
Slide 73: Hydro Turbines: Kaplan
Hydro Turbines Kaplan Turbine AGL generators Yarrawonga Banimboola AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018 73
Slide 74: Hydro Turbines: Francis
Hydro Turbines Francis Turbine AGL generators Dartmouth Eildon West Kiewa Clover Copeton Glenbawn Pindari Lower Rubicon Cairn Curran AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018 74
Slide 75: Hydro Turbines: Pelton
Hydro Turbines Pelton Turbine AGL generators McKay Creek Rubicon Royston AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018 75
Slide 76: Gas Turbines
Gas Turbines AGL generators Somerton Hunter Valley AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018 76
Slide 77: Steam Turbines
Steam Turbines AGL generators Bayswater Liddell Loy Yang A Torrens Island A & B AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018 77
Slide 78: Wind Turbines
Wind Turbines AGL generators Hallett Hallett Hill North Brown Hill The Bluff Wattle Point Oaklands Hill Macarthur Silverton Coopers Gap AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018 78
Slide 79: Reciprocating Engine
Reciprocating Engine AGL generators Barker Inlet AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018 79
Slide 80: Solar Generation
Solar Generation AGL generators Nyngan Broken Hill AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018 80
Slide 81: AGL generators: Dalrymple (ESCRI)
AGL generators Dalrymple (ESCRI) AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018 81
Slide 82: Keeping the lights on
Keeping the lights on • System security • Market services • System black
Slide 83: System security and reliability definition
“System security is when frequency and voltage are maintained – even when something goes wrong. … Reliability is about having enough investment in generation and demand response capability to meet consumer demand.” Australian Energy Market Commission Source: AEMC Factsheet https://www.aemc.gov.au/si
Slide 84: Synchronous and asynchronous generators
Synchronous generators DC Steam turbine Storage Battery Gas turbine Reciprocating engine Asynchronous generators Hydro turbine Wind turbine Solar Renewable fuel source AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018 84
Slide 85: System inertia and fault levels are reducing
System inertia and fault levels are reducing: Retirement of synchronous generators and motors Increase in asynchronous generators and motors New market rules: Transmission Network Service Providers responsible for providing minimum levels of inertia and system strength in their networks New generato
Slide 86: Back to the future: synchronous condenser
Back to the future! Synchronous condenser is a generator that has no turbine (driving force) behind it Speed is regulated by the network (50Hz) Takes energy from the grid to overcome frictional and electrical losses Some hydro machines can operate in this mode Supplies inertia, voltage control and f
Slide 87: AEMO transfer limit advice: South Australia system strength
AEMO Transfer limit advice – South Australia System Strength September 2018 https://www.aemo.com.au/-/media/Files/Electricity/NEM/Security_and_Reliability/Congestion-Information/2018/Transfer-Limit-Advice---South-Australian-System-Strength.pdf AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018 87
Slide 88: Raise and lower frequency services
Raise services help to raise the frequency: Lower services help to lower the frequency: • Used if the frequency drops below 50Hz • Used if the frequency rises above 50Hz • Generators lift output • Generators reduce output • Loads reduce consumption • Loads increase consumption 50 Hz 50 Hz AGL Electr
Slide 89: Frequency operating bands
Emergency frequency 50.6 control schemes 50.5 50.4 Contingency services help to 50.3 control the frequency within the Contingency Operating Band 50.2 Frequency (Hz) 50.1 Regulation services help to control 50 Normal operating frequency band the frequency within the Normal 49.9 Operating Frequency Ba
Slide 90: Eight market services
Emergency over-frequency 50.6 generator tripping 50.5 50.4 Contingency lower: Eight market services 50.3 6 second, 60 second, 5 minute 50.2 Frequency (Hz) 50.1 Regulation raise 50 Normal operating frequency band Regulation lower 49.9 49.8 49.7 Contingency raise: 49.6 6 second, 60 second, 5 minute 49
Slide 91: Service, source and provision
Service Source Provision Energy Market 8 markets for: AGL generation Market participants: Regulation raise fleet Generators Regulation lower Customers Frequency control Contingency raise batteries ancillary services (FCAS) (6 second, 60 second, 5 minute) Contingency lower (6 second, 60 second, 5 min
Slide 92: August 2003 North East America system black
August 2003 – North East America Satellite view of the ‘system black’ AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018 92
Slide 93: Mount Beauty and Loy Yang
Mount Beauty Loy Yang Source: AEMO AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | October 2018 93
Slide 94: Conclusion
Conclusion
Slide 95: Conclusion: integrated system and industry transition
The electricity The Australian The industry is system is a highly electricity system is working hard to integrated and undergoing great address these complex machine transition, raising challenges and new challenges for deliver a smooth system security transition AGL Electricity Knowledge Course | O
Slide 96: Investor relations contacts
James Hall Chris Kotsaris Blathnaid Byrne General Manager, Capital Markets Senior Manager, Investor Relations Group Treasurer Phone: +61 2 9921 2789 Phone: +61 2 9921 2256 Phone: +61 2 9921 2255 Mobile: +61 401 524 645 Mobile: +61 402 060 508 Mobile: +61 424 644 947 Email: jbhall@agl.com.au Email: c