Slide 1: Toyota's Approach to Fuel Cell Vehicles
1 Toyota’s Approach to Fuel Cell Vehicles June 25, 2014 Toyota Motor Corporation
Slide 2: The first automobiles
2 The first automobiles Steam-powered vehicle (1769) Gasoline vehicle (1886) Benz Patent-Motorwagen Price 2,750 marks (approx. $1,000) Engine Single-cylinder horizontal 984 cc/400 rpm/0.9 hp Max. speed 16 km/h Electric vehicle (1899) Weight 313 kg Source: Toyota Automobile Museum; Wikipedia
Slide 3: The electric engine starter
3 The electric engine starter Manual engine starter Electric engine starter (1911) Source: Cadillac 1912 Instruction Book
Slide 4: The assembly line
4 The assembly line Ford Model T assembly line Price reductions due to innovations in production methods $850 (1908) (Rival companies: $1,800) Ford Model T $780 (1910) $290 (1924) Advent of mass production (1913) Sources: Ford Motor Company; Wikipedia; Utah Division of State History; Amerika jidosha
Slide 5: The road network in the U.S.
5 The road network in the U.S. Interstate Highways (Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways) • Built under the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956 • Combined length of approx. 66,000 km, at a total cost of 25 billion dollars over 13 years • Funded with Highway Trust Fund
Slide 6: History of gasoline
6 History of gasoline 1901: Oil fields discovered in Texas 1907: First gas station opens in the U.S. 1913: Thermal cracking allows greater quantities of gasoline to be obtained from petroleum 1929: 300,000 stores selling gasoline in the U.S. Lucas gusher, Spindletop Hill, Drive-in gas station (1913)
Slide 7: The age of gasoline-powered automobiles
7 The age of gasoline-powered automobiles Steam, electricity, and Horse-drawn cart gasoline-powered automobiles Gasoline-powered automobiles Roads Lincoln Highway Federal-Aid Highway Act Gasoline-powered Number of automobiles Increased demand for gasoline of 1956 vehicles Gas stations spread Fuel Th
Slide 8: What the automobile has achieved
8 What the automobile has achieved Enhanced mobility (for people and for goods) Freedom and convenience (“anytime, anywhere”) Mobile personal spaces Economic, = New possibilities social, and cultural growth created by enhanced mobility
Slide 9: Problems caused by gasoline-powered automobiles
9 Problems caused by gasoline-powered automobiles Growth of global industry and technology in the 20th century Concern over future oil supply Surge in CO2 emissions leading to fossil fuel global warming consumption Air pollution Increase in number of vehicles
Slide 10: Crude oil supply forecast
10 Crude oil supply forecast Global liquids supply by type Crude and condensate resources (units: million oil-equivalent Biofuels barrels/day) Others (trillion barrels) Liquid natural gas Oil sands Tight oil Remaining Deep-sea oil fields resources Crude oil (conventional oil fields) Cumulative produ
Slide 11: Increase in distance traveled
11 Increase in distance traveled GDP and distance traveled by region (1950-1997) Distance traveled per person per year 25,000 (km) 1997 20,000 North America Western Europe 15,000 Eastern Europe Australia and New Zealand Former Soviet Union 1950 Central Asia 10,000 South Asia Latin America Middle Eas
Slide 12: The world in 2050
12 The world in 2050 Global and urban population Global GDP 10 Source: OECD (billion) Source: U.N. Dept. of Environmental Economic and Social Outlook 8 Affairs Population 6 4 2 Global population Urban population 0 • Global population of 9.6 billion • Global GDP to increase more than threefold • 70%
Slide 13: What is a sustainable mobility society?
13 What is a sustainable mobility society? One that allows us all to move freely in comfort and safety, in an environment-friendly, sustainable manner
Slide 14: A sustainable society
14 A sustainable society A society which uses diverse energy sources, with electricity and hydrogen infrastructures Electricity storage Thermal facilities power generation EVs/PHVs Urban/ Electricity Grid Industry Renewable Wind power Fossil Fuels residential Energy HVs Photovoltaic generation Hydro
Slide 15: Toyota's environmental principles
15 Toyota’s environmental principles Embracing diverse energy sources Developing efficient, low-emission vehicles Driving real and positive change by popularizing these vehicles
Slide 16: Primary energy sources, automotive fuels and powertrains
16 Primary energy sources, automotive fuels and powertrains Primary energy Automotive fuel Powertrain source Conserve Gasoline Conventional Oil and hybrid Diesel vehicles Natural gas Gaseous fuels Coal Synthetic fuels Diversify PHVs Plants Biofuels EVs Uranium Electricity Hydro, solar, geothermal el
Slide 17: Hybrid vehicle lineup
17 Hybrid vehicle lineup Compact Medium Large SUV Minivan Commercial As of May 2014 Toyota has introduced hybrid models in all vehicle categories
Slide 18: Hybrid vehicle sales
18 Hybrid vehicle sales 9 HV global sales 8 • 2012: Achieved 1 million annual units sales for the first time • Dec. 2013: Cumulative sales passed 6 million units Cumulative sales (million) 7 1.4 Annual sales (millions) 6 million units 6 1.2 5 million units 5 1 4 million units 4 0.8 3 million units 3
Slide 19: Development of hybrid technology
19 Development of hybrid technology Motor PCU EV Battery Engine Fuel tank HV Motor PCU Motor PCU Generator Battery PHV Generator Battery Engine Fuel tank Engine Fuel tank Motor PCU FCV Battery Engine Hydrogen tank Hybrid technology underpins Toyota’s PHVs, EVs and FCVs
Slide 20: The strengths of individual alternative fuels
20 Characteristics of alternative fuels Electricity Hydrogen Biofuel Natural gas Internal combustion Internal combustion EV FCV engines engines Poor Poor Poor Well-to-wheel CO2 Good to Excellent to Excellent to Excellent Supply volume Excellent Excellent Poor Good Cruising range Poor Excellent Excel
Slide 21: Fuel diversity and uses
21 Fuel diversity and uses FCVs HV/PHVs Route buses Passenger cars EVs Full-size trucks Vehicle size HVs Home delivery Short-distance vehicles commuter vehicles FC buses Home delivery EVs trucks FCVs PHVs Personal mobility Travel distance Fuel Electricity Gasoline, diesel, biofuels, CNG, synthetic f
Slide 22: The importance of PHVs
22 The importance of PHVs PHVs can be used safely and without limitations, at all times Gasoline Electricity Next-generation electric vehicles for widespread use
Slide 23: Pros and cons of EVs
23 Pros and cons of EVs Advantages Disadvantages Zero emissions when driven Shorter range Quiet High battery costs Rechargeable from household outlet Long charging time Need for quick charger infrastructure EVs are appropriate for short-distance commuting and fleet use
Slide 24: About hydrogen
24 About hydrogen Hydrogen is found in abundance in water and fossil fuels It is colorless, odorless, and tasteless at room temperature and normal atmospheric pressure; it is extremely light and diffuses rapidly It is a reactive element with numerous chemical/fuel uses; fuel cells increase the elect
Slide 25: Primary uses of hydrogen
25 Primary uses of hydrogen Hydrogen has been used for over 200 years Urban areas: gas lamps In homes: utility gas (water/coal gas) In manufacturing: fertilizer (ammonia), oil refining (desulfurization, etc.) As an automotive fuel Thanks to past experience and recent research, hydrogen can be used a
Slide 26: Advantages of hydrogen
26 Advantages of hydrogen Zero CO2 emissions during use, helping to achieve a low-carbon society Can be obtained from a variety of primary energy sources • From fossil fuels such as natural gas, as well as from unused sewage sludge • From water using natural energy sources such as solar or wind ener
Slide 27: We believe hydrogen will be a leading energy source in the future
27 We believe hydrogen will be a leading energy source in the future
Slide 28: Toyota's FCV development to date
28 Toyota’s FCV development to date Toyota’s FCV development started in 1992. 1992: Start of development 1996: Parade in Osaka A Toyota FCV took part in a parade in Osaka. The vehicle featured a fuel cell stack and metal hydride hydrogen tank. “EVS13” in Osaka (Oct.1996)
Slide 29: Toyota's FCV development to date
29 Toyota’s FCV development to date 2002: FCHV (Dec 2002-) World-first limited sale in the U.S. and Japan Toyota FCHV-adv (2008) 2005: FCHV (July 2005-) Achieves vehicle type certification from the Japanese government Max speed 155 km/h 830 km Range (10-15 test cycle) Occupancy 5 2008: FCHV-adv (Jun
Slide 30: Advantages of FCVs
30 Advantages of FCVs Energy diversification Zero emissions Hydrogen can be produced from a Zero CO2 emissions during driving variety of primary energy sources Driving pleasure Performance High cruising range (approx. 700 km Smooth and quiet operation under JC08 cycle; Toyota measurements) Smooth st
Slide 31: The potential of FCVs
31 The potential of FCVs FCVs contribute to a sustainable mobility society by: contributing to the diversity of automotive fuels only emitting water vapor during driving offering the convenience of existing gasoline-engine automobiles FCVs are ideal eco-cars
Slide 32: Fuel cell system development
32 Fuel cell system development Top-level Over twice the output power 3.0 kW/L density of the Toyota FCHV-adv Output power over 100 kW Size reduction Key system components can be placed under seats The new fuel cell system is smaller and performs better
Slide 33: High-pressure hydrogen tank development
33 High-pressure hydrogen tank development Top-level Tank storage density improved by approx. 5.7 wt% 20% compared to Toyota FCHV-adv Number of tanks per vehicle halved from four to two Reduced costs Different materials and manufacturing process used (70MPa) (70MPa) High-pressure hydrogen tank perfo
Slide 34: Fuel cell system development
34 Fuel cell system development No humidifier Enhanced reliability; reduced size, weight, and cost Use of boost converter Fewer cells, smaller motor Boost converter Fuel cell Hydrogen tank stack Power control unit Motor Battery Fuel filler Significant progress has been made in fuel cell system devel
Slide 35: Fuel cell system cost reduction
35 Fuel cell system cost reduction Costs down to 5% FCHV-adv of FCHV-adv costs (2008) (2015) Further cost reductions Limited sales Market entry Widespread use Resolve technical issues Reduce cost Design Production technology Mass production Fuel cell system costs have decreased significantly, and wi
Slide 36: Toyota's FCV sedan: exterior
36 Toyota’s FCV sedan: exterior (as of June 25, 2014)
Slide 37: Toyota's FCV sedan: Japan sales
37 Toyota’s FCV sedan: Japan sales (as of June 25, 2014) Going on sale before April 2015 (in the summer of 2015 in the U.S. and Europe) Sold at Toyota and Toyopet dealerships (Initially, sales will be focused on dealerships in areas where hydrogen infrastructure is being developed) Approximately 7 m
Slide 38: TOYOTA
TOYOTA