CLP Holdings Limited · HKEX:2
CLP — Technical Presentation (December 2004)
60 slides from CLP's technical presentation, Dec 15, 2004
Slide 1: Feasibility of Utilizing Fuel Cells in Hong Kong
Feasibility of Utilizing Fuel Cells in Hong Kong I-Ming HSING* and Sarah Chit-Wa TAM * Associate Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Energy Seminar December 15, 2004
Slide 2: Outline
Outline Technology TechnologyOverview Overview Stationary StationaryApplications Applications Transportation TransportationApplications Applications Portable Portable Applications Applications Fueling Fuelingthe theFuel FuelCell Cell The TheMarket Marketand andBarriers Barriers Conclusion Conclusion
Slide 3: Schematics of Fuel Source, Energy Technologies and Applications/Services
Schematics of Fuel Source, Energy Technologies and Applications/Services Energy Technologies Power Power Infrastructure Conversion Fuel Services Infrastructure Conversion FuelInfrastructure Infrastructure Sources Technologies Technologies Fuel Storage and Distribution Power PowerStorage Storageand a
Slide 4: Schematics of Fuel Source, Energy Technologies and Applications/Services
Schematics of Fuel Source, Energy Technologies and Applications/Services Energy Technologies Power Infrastructure Conversion Fuel Infrastructure Services Sources Technologies Fuel Storage and Distribution Power Storage and Distribution Tanks Lighting Liquefaction The Grid Flywheels and Hydrides Heat
Slide 5: Fuel Cell Technology Overview
Fuel Cell Technology Overview
Slide 6: Systems for Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion
Systems for Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion Supercap Battery - + - e- X e- + e- X e- Zn Cu + + - + e + - - - + Zn2+ - e Cu2+ + - + - + e - Zn2+ Cu2+ e + - + Zn2+ - Cu2+ e + - - + - + + Zn2+ + - - + ZnSO4- solution SO4 CuSO4- solution electrolyte 2- electrolyte Separator Separator Negat
Slide 7: How the Fuel Cell Works
How the Fuel Cell Works Courtesy of Ballard Power Produce electricity directly through the electrochemical reaction of H2 and O2 (like the reverse rxn. of water electrolysis) • Low emission/zero emission • Low noise and high energy efficiency … however, the cost remains high at this point in time 7
Slide 8: How the Fuel Cell Works, Cont'd
How the Fuel Cell Works, Cont’d Heat And clean exhaust (CO2 & water) Useful heat Power Fuel Fuel H2 rich gas Fuel Cell DC conditioning AC processor power power Tremendous feedstock flexibility Use of reforming/gasification to “free up” hydrogen from the carbon bonds Common anode fuels including natu
Slide 9: Fuel Cell Systems Classified by the Use of Electrolyte
Fuel Cell Systems Classified by the Use of Electrolyte Classified Classifiedby byelectrolytes: electrolytes: Alkaline AlkalineFuel FuelCell Cell(AFC) (AFC) Phosphoric PhosphoricAcid AcidFuel FuelCell Cell(PAFC) (PAFC) Molten MoltenCarbonate CarbonateFuel FuelCell Cell(MCFC) (MCFC)(high (highoperatin
Slide 10: Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC)
Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) Equations: Equations: - 2e-Æ Cathode: + Cathode:½O ½O22++2H2H+++2e ÆHH22OO - Anode:HH2 Æ Anode: + Æ2H 2 2H+++2e 2e- Operating OperatingTemperature: Temperature:80°C 80°C Electrode: Electrode:Ion Ionexchange exchangemembrane membrane (solid (solidorganic
Slide 11: Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC)
Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) Types: Types:Tubular Tubularand andPlanar Planar Equations: Equations: - 2e-Æ Cathode: 2- Cathode:½½OO22++2e ÆOO2- - Anode:HH2 ++OO2 Æ Anode: 2 ÆHH2OO++2e 2 2e-2 Operating OperatingTemperature: Temperature:700-1000°C 700-1000°C Electrode: Electrode:Ceramics Ceramics (zir
Slide 12: Characteristics of Different Fuel Cell Technologies
Characteristics of Different Fuel Cell Technologies AFC PAFC MCFC PEMFC SOFC DMFC Sodium, Solid oxide Potassium, or Potassium Solid polymer electrolyte Solid polymer Phosphoric Lithium salts Electrolyte Hydroxide (e.g., (e.g., yttria (e.g., Acid (H3PO4) (Na2CO3, (KOH) NafionTM) stablised, NafionTM)
Slide 13: Energy/Power Specific Applications for Fuel Cell Systems
Energy/Power Specific Applications for Fuel Cell Systems 1 kW 10 kW 100 kW 1,000 kW 10,000 kW Grid Generation PEMFC PAFC Electric Utility AFC AFC Distributed Generation MCFC Onsite Industrial Generation Commercial Multi-family residential Residential SOFC Light Industrial / Commercial Transportation
Slide 14: Stationary Applications
Stationary Applications
Slide 15: Stationary Applications
Stationary Applications Primary Power z BIFC, Power for school, hospital, office buildings Premium Backup Power z UPS for telecommunication hub, mission critical data centers/banks Residential Use z Power generation for remote/rural houses 15
Slide 16: Typical Applications are in kW to MW Range
Typical Applications are in kW to MW Range Primary Primarypower, power,premium premiumbackup backup power powerand andresidential residentialsystems systems Large-scale Large-scale(between (between100kW 100kW and and10MW) 10MW)vs vsSmall Smallscale scale(1- (1- 20kW) 20kW)ininterms termsof ofpower p
Slide 17: Major Developers of Stationary Fuel Cells
Major Developers of Stationary Fuel Cells ASTRIS ASTRISEnergi EnergiInc Inc(AFC) (AFC) Independent IndependentPower PowerTechnologies TechnologiesLtd Ltd (AFC) (AFC) UTC UTCFuel FuelCells Cells(PAFC) (PAFC) Fuji FujiElectric Electric(PAFC) (PAFC) FuelCell FuelCellEnergy Energy(MCFC) (MCFC) MTU MTUCF
Slide 18: Efficiency & Cost Projection of Stationary Fuel Cells
Efficiency & Cost Projection of Stationary Fuel Cells Efficiency (%LHV) 70 60 Hybrid 50 MCFC & SOFC 40 PAFC 1980 1990 2000 2010 USD $/kW, installed 4K PAFC Time (yr) 3K MCFC& SOFC 2K Hybrid 1K 21st century FC 0 1998 2003 2010 2015 Time (yr) 18
Slide 19: Centralized vs. Distributed Power Generations
Centralized vs. Distributed Power Generations Distributed Generation (DG) relieves Transmission and Distribution (T&D) systems by placing power at or near customer sites Source: Federal Energy Technology Center (FETC), DoE, USA 19
Slide 20: Fuel Cell Emissions by Type and Fuel
Fuel Cell Emissions by Type and Fuel GHG emissions Other emissions [g/kWh] [g/kWh] Device Fuel CO2 CH4 NOX SOX PM CO NMHC PEMFC Diesel 971.5 0.160 0.390 0.480 0.007 0.068 0.840 SOFC Diesel 680.1 0.110 0.270 0.340 0.005 0.048 0.590 MeOH PEMFC 675.3 0.060 0.240 0.160 0.007 0.077 0.150 fossil-NG MeOH S
Slide 21: Comparison of Cost of Electricity by Various Technologies
Comparison of Cost of Electricity by Various Technologies Capacity Capital Cost Fuel Cost O&M Cost Service Cost of Electricity (kW) Fuel Cell—CHP ($/kW) ($/kWh) ($/kWh) Life (Cents / kWh) Microturbine—Power Only Fuel Cell—CHP 200 3,674 0.029 0.01 12.5 14.91 Microturbine—CHP Micro turbine—CHP 100 1,7
Slide 22: Transportation Applications
Transportation Applications
Slide 23: Transportation Applications
Transportation Applications Primary Primarypropulsion propulsionengine, engine,part partof ofaahybrid hybridsystem system and and auxiliary auxiliarypower powerunit unit(APU) (APU) Passenger Passengerororprivate privatevehicles: vehicles:Fuel FuelCell CellVehicles Vehicles (FCV) (FCV)a.k.a. a.k.a.Ze
Slide 24: Feasibility of Transportation Applications
Feasibility of Transportation Applications Globally a very speculative effort Cost Barrier z The cost target of 10s of dollars difficult to meet z Competitive technologies (improved ICE and hybrid) Technological Challenges z Durability and Mean time failure z Balance of plant and hydrogen storage Lo
Slide 25: High Energy and Power Density Needed for Vehicle Applications
High Energy and Power Density Needed for Vehicle Applications Only the combination of Fuel Cell/Battery and Capacitors can meet the performance of ICE Source: Chemical Review, 2004 25
Slide 26: Possible Fuel Cell Vehicle Configurations
Possible Fuel Cell Vehicle Configurations Hydrogen Methanol Methanol POX Gasoline Storage Reformer Storage Reactor Storage Fuel Cell Fuel Cell Fuel Cell Stack Stack Stack Motor Peak Motor Peak Motor Peak Controller Battery Controller Battery Controller Battery Motor Motor Motor /Gen. /Gen. /Gen. Gea
Slide 27: Major Developers of FCV
Major Developers of FCV DaimlerChrysler DaimlerChrysler Ford FordMotor MotorCompany Company General GeneralMotors Motors Honda Honda Hyundai Hyundai Nissan Nissan Toyota Toyota 27
Slide 28: FCV Prototypes
| FCV Prototypes Company fv DaimlerChi Ford Motor Company General Mc Honda Hyundai Toyota Fuel Prot ORM FOV Boging Gi Unive & statics Sti pres Bin-te PEM hat © leewe B aah) ‘© Comore B i2pas — sh pr LN+Ta call sta B Move) mw oleue © Mata = move 2001 ews Ente | Smet | NECAE 12 Galar Sl-mfer GM/ OPEL
Slide 29: Efficiency and Emission of FCV and ICEV by Various Fuels
Efficiency and Emission of FCV and ICEV by Various Fuels Energy Fuel chain Automotive Vehicle consumption CO2 emissions Vehicle efficiency fuel efficiency (%) fuel chains fuel chains (%) (MJ/km) (g/km) Gasoline FCV 21.0 17.2 2.4 192 CNG FCV 22.0 19.1 2.1 129 Methanol FCV 25.0 16.3 2.5 154 Compr. H2
Slide 30: A Moderate Scenario for FCV Cost Reduction
A Moderate Scenario for FCV Cost Reduction Pt Pt weight Pt cost Power Assembly No. of density cost Total Year FC Vs Cost ($ / m2) (g / m2) ($ / m2) (kW/m2 ) ($/50kW) ($/kW) 2000 40 500 1,423 1,650 15 4.00 62 2.00 385 1,833 2005 1,414 180 513 595 12 2.60 40 2.47 250 548 2010 50 K 65 185 214 9 1.70 26
Slide 31: Near Term Options for Producing and Delivering H2 Transportation Fuel
Near Term Options for Producing and Delivering H2 Transportation fuel Centralized Reforming (a) Truck Delivery LH2 pump + Comp H2 gas dewar vaporizer NG LH2 LH2 LH2 H2 veh dispenser (b) storage dispenser Comp H2 gas Pipeline Delivery compressor NG H2 H2 veh Chemical By-Product Hydrogen (c) storage d
Slide 32: Long Term Options for Producing Hydrogen Transportation Fuel
Long Term Options for Producing Hydrogen Transportation Fuel H2 via Biomass, Coal or MSW Gasification Biomass, Coal storage or MSW compressor H2 H2 veh Solar or Wind Electrolytic Hydrogen PV Array electrolyzer storage compressor H2 veh Wind Turbine storage dispenser electrolyzer compressor storage H
Slide 33: Societal Lifecycle Costs of Cars
Societal Lifecycle Costs of Cars Society LCC defined as: Vehicle first cost + the present value of lifetime costs for : (fuel + non-fuel operation and maintenance + full fuel cycle air-pollutant damages + full fuel cycle GHG emission damages + oil supply insecurity) Source: Energy Policy (2004) 33
Slide 34: Portable Applications
Portable Applications
Slide 35: Portable Power (Micro) Applications
Portable Power (Micro) Applications Cost CostCompetitiveness Competitivenessover overfuel fuelcell cell systems systems for transportation (USD50/kW), for transportation (USD 50/kW), stationery power (USD 1000/kW) stationery power (USD 1000/kW) High Highenergy energydensity densityand andeasy easyre
Slide 36: Current Market Players/Technology Developers
Current Market Players/Technology Developers Japanese JapaneseCompanies Companies Samsung Samsung Motorola Motorola Manhattan ManhattanScientifics Scientifics Mechanical MechanicalTechnology Technology Los LosAlamos AlamosNational NationalLab Lab MTI MTImicro microfuel fuelcell cell Source: Manhatta
Slide 37: HKUST's Nanocatalysts and Nanotube Fuel Cells
HKUST’s Nanocatalysts and Nanotube Fuel Cells 40 W stack 10 W stack 37
Slide 38: Lab Visit by Chief Executive of HKSAR Government
Lab Visit by Chief Executive of HKSAR Government 38
Slide 39: Fueling the Fuel Cell
Fueling the Fuel Cell
Slide 40: Fueling Fuel Cells in Hong Kong
Fueling Fuel Cells in Hong Kong Towngas LPG Natural Gas Landfill Gas H2 40
Slide 41: Towngas in Hong Kong
Towngas in Hong Kong Manufactured at plants in z Tai Po (8.4 Million m3/day) z Ma Tau Kok (2.6 Million m3/day) Naphtha as feedstock 1.47 million customers 125 km high pressure pipeline 2,931 km of distribution mains Source: Hong Kong Yearbook 2002 41
Slide 42: Natural Gas in Hong Kong
Natural Gas in Hong Kong Used for power generation at z Black Point Power Station (CLP) z Lamma Extension (HEC) Imported from the Yacheng 13-1 gas field, near Hainan island 780km high pressure submarine pipeline New Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) terminal will be built in Shenzhen to commence operation
Slide 43: LPG in Hong Kong
LPG in Hong Kong Imported by sea and stored at 5 terminals in Tsing Yi 770, 000 customers and 16, 000 LPG taxis 23% 62% 278 gas distributors Filling stations for vehicles (operating 605 cylinder wagons) 15% piped LPG supplies for residential and commercial buildings Source: Hong Kong Yearbook 2002 4
Slide 44: Landfill Gas in Hong Kong
Landfill Gas in Hong Kong 3 existing strategic landfills z West New Territories Landfill z South East New Territories Landfill z North East New Territories Landfill Landfill gas is used as an energy source z Shuen Wan z Gin Drinkers Bay z Jordan Valley z Tseung Kwan O Stage I , II and III landfills
Slide 45: Performance Comparison of Available Fuels in Hong Kong
Performance Comparison of Available Fuels in Hong Kong Efficiency Emission Cost Availability Towngas Medium/High Medium Low High LPG High Medium High Medium Natural High Low Medium Low (predicted) Gas Landfill Medium Medium N/A Low Gas Pure High Low High Low Hydrogen (Electrolysis of Water) 45
Slide 46: The Market & Barriers
The Market & Barriers
Slide 47: Estimated Global Demand for Fuel Cell Systems
Estimated Global Demand for Fuel Cell Systems Market 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2003– 2007– Segment 2011 2011 $ (Millions) Cumulative average annual growth Stationary $397 $886 $1,747 $2,734 $ 7,974 $17,940 46% 60% Mobile 1 79 123 311 1,746 10,257 84% 140% Portable 0 3 94 1,875 10,875 17,625 193%
Slide 48: Hong Kong's Increasing Consumption in Energy/Electricity
Hong Kong’s Increasing Consumption in Energy/Electricity Energy Consumption for 2001 Residential 50,323 18% Commercial 96,706 34% Industrial 33,002 12% Transport 100,310 36% Energy End-use (by Sector) Total 280,341 100% 300,000 Local Consumption by Electricity by Type of Users 250,000 200,000 Reside
Slide 49: Why Does Hong Kong Need Clean Energy?
Why Does Hong Kong Need Clean Energy? Registered Vehicles (Units), HighSegment Market Reliance on diesel vehicles as in 2003 z Motorcycle 30% vehicle population in HK 41,128 z 17% in Singapore Private Cars 382,880 z 4% in USA Taxis 18,138 High intensity of vehicle usage Public Buses 13,444 z 271 veh
Slide 50: Strong Demand for Portable Electronics in Hong Kong
Strong Demand for Portable Electronics in Hong Kong Total number Market Segment (Units), as in 2002 Notebook Computer 243,920 Digital Camera 885,740 Mobile Phone* 286,120 Data collected from (1) Gartner Dataquest, and (2) World Consumer Markets * This number is on the lower end as it was estimated b
Slide 51: Determinants of Fuel Cell Commercialization in Hong Kong
Determinants of Fuel Cell Commercialization in Hong Kong Cost Competitiveness z Fuel Cell will enter a market when the cost of the fuel cell reaches the “price intersection point” of the incumbent technology z Applications in premium power market and micro/portable powers are the early possible targ
Slide 52: UPS for Telecom/Hospitals/Financial Data Centers
UPS for Telecom/Hospitals/Financial Data Centers Utility Grid/ Batteries Power Generator Secondary Distribution DC/AC Inverter DC/CC Inverter Other AC Loads DC Loads DC Loads 52
Slide 53: Demonstration of Premium Backup Power
Demonstration of Premium Backup Power Grid Power Supply Non-critical Critical Load Load • Familiar with Fuel Cell Power Quality/reliability Fuel Cell Power Supply Fuel Cell Power and Supply • GI/GC Interface and Operation Turbine • Testing the efficiency of Combined Heat and Power 53
Slide 54: Lessons from the Successful Launch of Alternative Fuel (LPG) Taxi in Hong Kong
Lessons from the Successful Launch of Alternative Fuel (LPG) Taxi in Hong Kong Government’s Financial Initiatives Government’s plan to phase out Diesel taxi Adequate LPG filling stations/network Sufficient vehicle maintenance and service facilities/ manpower Strong community support 54
Slide 55: Barriers – The case of Hong Kong
Barriers – The case of Hong Kong Space SpaceConstraint Constraint Average 2 z z Averageflat flatsize sizeof ofHK HKisissmall small(45.5 (45.5mm2inin1999) 1999)limiting limitingthe theinterests interestsfor for residential residentialpower powersystem system Insufficient InsufficientFuel FuelSupply S
Slide 56: Conclusions
Conclusions
Slide 57: Conclusion
Conclusion The TheFuel FuelCell CellTechnology Technology Applications Applications z z Reverse Reversereaction reactionofofelectrolysis electrolysis z Stationary Stationary z ofofwater watertotogenerate generateelectricity electricity z Transportation z Transportation z z Portable Portable Types Ty
Slide 58: Conclusion - Continued
Conclusion - Continued Portable Portablefuel fuelcells cellsand andfuel fuelcells cellsfor forPremium Premiumback backup uppower powercould couldbe be the thefirst firstto tocome cometo toHong HongKong Kongmarket market The Thecommercialization/deployment commercialization/deploymentof ofFuel FuelCe
Slide 59: Acknowledgement
Acknowledgement Miss MissSarah SarahChit ChitWa WaTAM TAM Dr DrGail GailKendall Kendalland andDr DrRay RayCheung, Cheung, CLP CLPResearch ResearchInstitute Institute Electrical Electrical&&Mechanical MechanicalServices ServicesDepartment Department Environmental EnvironmentalProtection ProtectionDep
Slide 60: Thank You!
Thank You! (kehsing@ust.hk)
Clp Holdings — Technical Presentation (December 2004) on 6ix