Abercrombie & Fitch Company · NYSE:ANF

Abercrombie & Fitch — Investor Day (April 2018)

119 slides from Abercrombie & Fitch's investor day presentation, Apr 30, 2018

  1. Slide 1: Investor Day April 25, 2018 New York

    INVESTOR DAY APRIL 25, 2018 NEW YORK

  2. Slide 2: Agenda

    AGENDA CORPORATE STRATEGY & VISION FRAN HOROWITZ GLOBAL TRANSFORMATION JOANNE CREVOISERAT HOLLISTER & GILLY HICKS OVERVIEW KRISTIN SCOTT A&F AND ABERCROMBIE KIDS OVERVIEW STACIA ANDERSEN FINANCIAL OBJECTIVES SCOTT LIPESKY MORNING IN REVIEW FRAN HOROWITZ PANEL Q&A EXECUTIVE LEADERSHIP

  3. Slide 3: Forward Looking Statements

    FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS A&F cautions that any forward-looking statements (as such term is defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995) contained in this presentation or made by management or spokespeople of A&F involve risks and uncertainties and are subject to change based on

  4. Slide 4: Californix

    7 CALIFORNIX — <sey aa

  5. Slide 5: Fran Horowitz, Chief Executive Officer

    FRAN HOROWITZ Chief Executive Officer ABERCROMBIE & FITCH CO.

  6. Slide 6: Transforming While Growing

    TRANSFORMING WHILE GROWING LOW SINGLE-DIGIT TOTAL SALES CAGR DOUBLE 2017 ADJ. EBIT MARGIN STRONG ASSETS & BALANCE SHEET OMNICHANNEL INFRASTRUCTURE THE RIGHT TEAM & RESOURCES CLEAR PLAN POSITIVE COMP SALES GLOBAL GROWTH GROSS MARGIN EXPANSION OPEX LEVERAGE

  7. Slide 7: Executive leadership team

    FRAN HOROWITZ Chief Executive Officer KRISTIN SCOTT President, Hollister and Gilly Hicks STACIA ANDERSEN President, Abercrombie & Fitch and kids JOANNE CREVOISERAT Chief Operating Officer SCOTT LIPESKY Chief Financial Officer

  8. Slide 8: Strategic Pillars

    STRATEGIC PILLARS INSPIRE CUSTOMERS INNOVATE RELENTLESSLY DEVELOP LEADERS

  9. Slide 9: Convictions

    CONVICTIONS PERSONAL CONNECTION BRANDS MATTER STORES EVOLVING CONTINUOUS INNOVATION

  10. Slide 10: Our Journey

    OUR JOURNEY STABILIZE TRANSFORM ACCELERATE

  11. Slide 11: Three Year Objectives

    THREE YEAR OBJECTIVES LOW SINGLE-DIGIT TOTAL SALES CAGR DOUBLE 2017 ADJUSTED EBIT MARGIN MODEST GROSS MARGIN EXPANSION OPERATING EXPENSE LEVERAGE GLOBAL MARKET EXPANSION POSITIVE COMPARABLE SALES

  12. Slide 12: Our Vision

    OUR VISION STABILIZE TRANSFORM ACCELERATE $5B FAMILY OF GLOBAL LEADING LIFESTYLE BRANDS DRIVE COMPARABLE SALES GROWTH EXPAND GROSS MARGINS LEVERAGE EXPENSES TAKE SHARE IN THE US EXPAND GLOBALLY

  13. Slide 13: Our Team, Our Time, Our Assets

    Diverse experience Proven capabilities Customer-centric Financial discipline OUR TEAM Evolving market preferences Agility and flexibility to adapt Proven playbook OUR TIMEOUR ASSETS Iconic Brands Global operating experience Digital and omni infrastructure Balance Sheet and resources

  14. Slide 14: Stabilize: Product, Voice, Experience

    STABILIZE PRODUCT VOICE EXPERIENCE

  15. Slide 15: Our Journey: Stabilize

    OUR JOURNEY STABILIZE TRANSFORM ACCELERATE ORIENTED AROUND CUSTOMER ALIGNED PRODUCT, VOICE & EXPERIENCE RETURNED TO GROWTH BUILT THE FOUNDATION

  16. Slide 16: Differentiation: People, Product, Process

    DIFFERENTIATION PEOPLE PRODUCT PROCESS

  17. Slide 17: What do we stand for?

    WHAT DO WE STAND FOR? WHAT IS OUR PURPOSE? WHO DO WE SERVE? WHO ARE WE?

  18. Slide 18: Talent: Empowered, Customer Focused, Experienced

    TALENT EMPOWERED CUSTOMER FOCUSED EXPERIENCED

  19. Slide 19: Then and Now: Customers and Brands

    THEN NOW CUSTOMERSBRANDS

  20. Slide 20: Then and Now: Marketing

    THEN NOW MARKETING

  21. Slide 21: Then and Now: Design

    THEN NOW DESIGN

  22. Slide 22: Then and Now: Merchants

    THEN MERCHANTS NOW

  23. Slide 23: Then and Now: Supply Chain & Sourcing

    THEN NOW SUPPLY CHAIN & SOURCING

  24. Slide 24: Then and Now: Stores

    THEN NOW STORES

  25. Slide 25: Then and Now: Digital

    THEN NOW DIGITAL

  26. Slide 26: Milestones

    MILESTONES New board composition Fran joins Launched wholesale Formed Office of the Chairman of the Board Launched Franchise Fran promoted to President & Chief Merchandising Officer Launched Club CaliLaunched Hco prototype Launched Hco on Tmall Launched A&F Prototype Scott rejoins as CFO A&F positiv

  27. Slide 27: Transforming While Growing

    TRANSFORMING WHILE GROWING LOW SINGLE-DIGIT TOTAL SALES CAGR DOUBLE 2017 ADJ. EBIT MARGIN STRONG ASSETS & BALANCE SHEET OMNICHANNEL INFRASTRUCTURE THE RIGHT TEAM & RESOURCES CLEAR PLAN POSITIVE COMP SALES GLOBAL GROWTH GROSS MARGIN EXPANSION OPEX LEVERAGE

  28. Slide 28: Our Vision

    OUR VISION STABILIZE TRANSFORM ACCELERATE $5B FAMILY OF GLOBAL LEADING LIFESTYLE BRANDS

  29. Slide 29: Global Transformation: Joanne Crevoiserat

    GLOBAL TRANSFORMATION JOANNE CREVOISERAT Chief Operating Officer

  30. Slide 30: Our Journey: Transform

    OUR JOURNEY STABILIZE TRANSFORM ACCELERATE

  31. Slide 31: Transformation

    TRANSFORMATION OPTIMIZE STORE NETWORK ENHANCE OMNICHANNEL CAPABILITIES STREAMLINE CONCEPT TO CUSTOMER OPTIMIZE MARKETING INVESTMENTS

  32. Slide 32: Optimize Store Network

    OPTIMIZE STORE NETWORK

  33. Slide 33: Optimize Store Network: Today vs Peak

    OPTIMIZE STORE NETWORK TODAY ~1,100 ~870 PEAK

  34. Slide 34: US Store Density

    US STORE DENSITY Evolving customer preferences Declining mall traffic Lease flexibility 1. Store counts as of 2017 Source: Cowen, Experiential Retail (April 2018) 1 UNITED STATES 285 MALLS HOLLISTER 394 ~1,200 A&F / KIDS

  35. Slide 35: North America

    Close underperforming stores Invest in improved experiences Selectively open stores COMP SALES GROWTH & PRODUCTIVITY NORTH AMERICA

  36. Slide 36: Europe

    Shift to more productive spaces Open stores and capture local customers Build brand awareness & consideration LONG-TERM OPPORTUNITY $1.0+B EUROPE

  37. Slide 37: Asia

    Selectively open stores Build brand awareness on T-Mall LONG-TERM OPPORTUNITY $500+M ASIA

  38. Slide 38: Prototypes

    PROTOTYPES HOLLISTER ABERCROMBIE & FITCH ABERCROMBIE KIDS

  39. Slide 39: Flagship Shift

    FLAGSHIP SHIFT PEDDER STREET ~$550 SALES / GSF HARBOUR CITY ~$1,700 SALES / GSF

  40. Slide 40: Global Network Strategy

    NORTH AMERICA Close underperforming stores Invest in improved experiences Selectively open stores EUROPE Shift to more productive spaces Open stores and capture local customers Build brand consideration with wholesale ASIA Selectively open stores Build brand awareness on T-Mall GLOBAL NETWORK STRATE

  41. Slide 41: Enhance Omnichannel Capabilities

    ENHANCE OMNICHANNEL CAPABILITIES

  42. Slide 42: Omnichannel Infrastructure

    OMNICHANNEL INFRASTRUCTURE 20 WEBSITES 11 LANGUAGES 29 CURRENCIES

  43. Slide 43: Enhance Digital & Omni Capabilities

    ENHANCE DIGITAL & OMNI CAPABILITIES ~$400M INVESTED (SINCE 2010) 2017 EST INDUSTRY AVERAGE (US) 2017 28% 2010 12% DIGITAL PENETRATION

  44. Slide 44: Scan to Shop, Shop the Look, Seamless Sharing

    SCAN TO SHOP SHOP THE LOOK SEAMLESS SHARING

  45. Slide 45: Expand Capabilities

    EXPAND CAPABILITIES FOUNDATION RESERVE IN STORE SHIP FROM STORE POPINS ORDER IN STORE FUTURE INVESTMENT STORES TECHNOLOGY ASSOCIATE SELLING TOOLS

  46. Slide 46: Optimize Omni Fulfillment

    ORDER PLACED PRODUCT LOCATION PAYMENT LOCATION DELIVERY LOCATION STORES SHIP TO HOME/ SHIP FROM STORE POPINS ORDER IN STORE RESERVE IN STORE OPTIMIZE OMNI FULFILLMENT CUSTOMER Excludes return capabilities, including return to store or online returns

  47. Slide 47: Streamline Concept to Customer

    STREAMLINE CONCEPT TO CUSTOMER

  48. Slide 48: Agile Supply Chain

    AGILE SUPPLY CHAIN CHASE READ & REACT FABRIC PLATFORMING STRONG SUPPLIER RELATIONSHIPS DIVERSE SOURCING NETWORK

  49. Slide 49: Concept to Customer

    CONCEPT TO CUSTOMER WHAT WE BUY WHERE WE SOURCE HOW WE BUY HOW WE ALLOCATE HOW WE PRICE

  50. Slide 50: Optimize Marketing Investments

    OPTIMIZE MARKETING INVESTEMENTS

  51. Slide 51: Loyalty Program Member Accounts

    LOYALTY PROGRAM MEMBER ACCOUNTS (IN MILLIONS) CLUB CALI A&F CLUB 2017 14 10 4 2016 5 5

  52. Slide 52: Personalization

    PERSONALIZATION PERSONALIZE MARKETING TARGET PROMOTIONS TAILOR EXPERIENCE MEASURE & LEARN OPTIMIZE MEDIA DATA & ANALYTICS

  53. Slide 53: Our Journey: Transform Priorities

    OUR JOURNEY STABILIZE TRANSFORM ACCELERATE OPTIMIZE STORE NETWORK ENHANCE OMNI CAPABILITIES STREAMLINE CONCEPT TO CUSTOMER OPTIMIZE MARKETING INVESTMENTS

  54. Slide 54: Hollister: Kristin Scott

    HOLLISTER KRISTIN SCOTT President, Hollister and Gilly Hicks

  55. Slide 55: Brand DNA

    CONFIDENTIAL BRAND DNA DNA CAREFREE CALIFORNIA FREEDOM TO BELONG ENDLESS POSSIBILITIES BRAND NATURAL STATE PLAYFUL EXPRESSION IDEALISTIC SPIRIT PRODUCT CONVICTION WE BELIEVE IN LIBERATING THE SPIRIT OF SUMMER INSIDE EVERYONE POSITION EFFORTLESS CALIFORNIAN STYLE CREATED TO MAKE FREEDOM AND POSSIBILI

  56. Slide 56: Our Customer

    OUR CUSTOMER STRESSED CREATIVE ACHIEVEMENT ORIENTATED ACCEPTING SELF- STARTERS INCLUSIVE CAREFREE CALIFORNIA ENDLESS POSSIBILITIES FREEDOM TO BELONG GEN Z

  57. Slide 57: 2017: Product, Voice, Experience

    2017 PRODUCT VOICE EXPERIENCE

  58. Slide 58: Customer at the Center

    CUSTOMER AT THE CENTER POINTS OF FEEDBACK ~1 M STORE VISITS ~2,000 CUSTOMER VOICES ~40,000

  59. Slide 59: Where Our Customers Are

    WHERE OUR CUSTOMERS ARE CUSTOMERS @BEAUTYCON @SNEAKERCON @COFFEE RUNS @HIGH SCHOOLS

  60. Slide 60: Product

    PRODUCT

  61. Slide 61: Must Win, Must Grow

    MUST WIN MUST GROW

  62. Slide 62: Slide 62

  63. Slide 63: Voice

    VOICE

  64. Slide 64: Social, Video, Music, Gaming, Discovery

    ► Industry leading Instagram engagement ► Snapchat “Best Filter of 2017” ► AwesomenessTV show, This is Summer ► Double-digit lifts across metrics ► Spotify generated 1+M views ► Artist collaborations ► 4.5+M plays ► 15+ years playtime / engagement SOCIAL VIDEO MUSIC GAMING DISCOVERY

  65. Slide 65: Experience

    EXPERIENCE

  66. Slide 66: Enhanced Experience

    OMNICHANNEL CLUB CALI REAL ESTATE STORE STAFFING ► Industry leader in Omnichannel customer experiences ► Encouraged by the engagement ► 10+M members in 2 years ► High spend & transaction rates ► Open & easy-to- shop remodels ► ~70% of best malls remodeled ► Empowered associates ► New robust training

  67. Slide 67: 2018: Product, Voice, Experience

    2018 PRODUCT VOICE EXPERIENCE

  68. Slide 68: Product: Must Win, Must Grow

    PRODUCT MUST WIN MUST GROW PRODUCT DISTORTIONS SPEED TO MARKET

  69. Slide 69: Voice: Carpe Now

    VOICE AWESOMENESS @ CARPE NOW PRESENTED BY HOLLISTER A

  70. Slide 70: Slide 70

  71. Slide 71: Innovative Marketing

    INNOVATIVE MARKETING LLIS7 ae AWESOMENESS @ (Nusa CARPE NeW Vaan’ pd Nl K PRESENTED BY HOLLISTER le <1 EC\S

  72. Slide 72: Slide 72

  73. Slide 73: Experience: Real Estate, Club Cali, Omnichannel

    EXPERIENCE REAL ESTATE CLUB CALI OMNICHANNEL

  74. Slide 74: Our Journey: Hollister Summary

    OUR JOURNEY STABILIZE TRANSFORM ICONIC BRANDS STRONG FOUNDATIONS CUSTOMER FOCUSED EXPERIENCED TEAM GROWTH OPPORTUNITY

  75. Slide 75: Intermission

    INTERMISSION INVESTOR DAY APRIL 25, 2018 NEW YORK

  76. Slide 76: Abercrombie & Fitch: Stacia Andersen

    STACIA ANDERSEN President, Abercrombie & Fitch and kids ABERCROMBIE & FITCH

  77. Slide 77: Our Customer

    OUR CUSTOMER INSPIRATION AGED 21-24 DISCERNING CHANGE AGENTS INDEPENDENT DIGITAL NATIVES INFLUENTIAL INNOVATIVE

  78. Slide 78: A&F Brand DNA

    CONFIDENTIAL CONVICTION POSITION A&F BRAND DNA 78 DNA BRAND AUDACIOUSLY OPTIMISTIC PUSHING YOU TO DISCOVER DARING SPIRIT QUALITY CRAFTSMANSHIP CLASSIC; ALL-AMERICAN CASUAL; EFFORTLESS PRODUCT WE BELIEVE THAT ONLY THROUGH THE PURSUIT OF ADVENTURE CAN YOU FEEL TRULY ALIVE CASUAL ALL-AMERICAN STYLE THA

  79. Slide 79: Slide 79

  80. Slide 80: 2017: Product, Voice, Experience

    2017 PRODUCT VOICE EXPERIENCE

  81. Slide 81: Product

    PRODUCT

  82. Slide 82: Product: Assortment Architecture, Versatility, Inventory

    PRODUCT: • ASSORTMENT ARCHITECTURE • VERSATILITY, COMFORT, FIT • INVENVTORY ASSORTMENT ARCHITECTURE VERSATILITY INVENTORY

  83. Slide 83: Slide 83

  84. Slide 84: Voice

    VOICE

  85. Slide 85: Site Visits, Social Mentions, Brand Impressions

    SITE VISITS 400,000+ YOY SOCIAL MENTIONS +30% BRAND IMPRESSIONS 300+M

  86. Slide 86: Innovative Marketing

    INNOVATIVE MARKETING IMPRESSIONS AMONG 18 TO 24-YEAR-OLD SNAPCHAT USERS 50M ADVANCED THOR & JUSTICE LEAGUE SCREENINGS 30+

  87. Slide 87: Experience

    EXPERIENCE

  88. Slide 88: Omnichannel, Loyalty, T-Mall, Store Experience

    ► 5-star app ► POPinS ► Order-in-store ► Reserve-in-store ► 4 M customers ► Members spent & transacted more ► #1 ranked men’s store on launch day ► Exceeded 2017 sales expectations ► Started prototype rollout ► Enhanced fitting rooms ► Store training OMNICHANNEL LOYALTY T-MALL STORE EXPERIENCE

  89. Slide 89: 2018: Product, Voice, Experience

    2018 PRODUCT VOICE EXPERIENCE

  90. Slide 90: Product: Must Win / Must Grow

    PRODUCT MUST WIN / MUST GROW TAILORED ASSORTMENT SPEED TO MARKET

  91. Slide 91: Voice: A&F Club Experiences

    VOICE A&F CLUB EXPERIENCES MUSIC FESTIVALS AMBASSADOR PROGRAM

  92. Slide 92: Experience: Campus Stores, Prototype Rollout, Expansion

    EXPERIENCE CAMPUS BASED STORES PROTOTYPE STORE ROLLOUT EUROPE / ASIA EXPANSION

  93. Slide 93: Abercrombie Kids

    ABERCROMBIE KIDS

  94. Slide 94: Slide 94

  95. Slide 95: A&F Kids Brand DNA

    A&F KIDS BRAND DNA CHILDHOOD WIDE EYED WONDER YOUTHFUL SPIRIT BRAND DNA CREATIVE EXPRESSION PERFECT IMPERFECTION ENDURING QUALITY PRODUCT DNA CONVICTION WE BELIEVE KIDS ARE PERFECT JUST THE WAY THEY ARE POSITION WE CREATE PRODUCT OF ENDURING QUALITY, CRAFTED TO ENCOURAGE KIDS TO PLAY, EXPRESS THEIR

  96. Slide 96: Everybody Collection

    EVERYBODY COLLECTION “…the move to advertise gender neutral apparel in stores is groundbreaking” “We wish Abercrombie Kids’ new gender- neutral collection was around when we were young” “Abercrombie & Fitch is breaking gender barriers with their new unisex collection…” “Fashion should be fun, especi

  97. Slide 97: Aquarium Campaign

    AQUARIUM CAMPAIGN REVENUE + 21% TRAFFIC +200%

  98. Slide 98: Kids Prototype

    KIDS PROTOTYPE SMALLER, MORE PRODUCTIVE DESIGNED FOR PLAY

  99. Slide 99: Our Journey: A&F and Kids Summary

    OUR JOURNEY STABILIZE TRANSFORM ICONIC BRANDS STRONG FOUNDATIONS CUSTOMER FOCUSED EXPERIENCED TEAM GROWTH OPPORTUNITY

  100. Slide 100: Financial Objectives: Scott Lipesky

    SCOTT LIPESKY Chief Financial Officer FINANCIAL OBJECTIVES

  101. Slide 101: Our Journey: Accelerate

    OUR JOURNEY STABILIZE TRANSFORM ACCELERATE

  102. Slide 102: Three Year Financial Objectives

    LOW SINGLE-DIGIT TOTAL SALES CAGR DOUBLE 2017 ADJUSTED EBIT MARGIN 2.9% MODEST GROSS MARGIN EXPANSION OPERATING EXPENSE LEVERAGE GLOBAL MARKET EXPANSION POSITIVE COMPARABLE SALES TRANSFORM

  103. Slide 103: Comp Sales Drivers

    Loyalty Marketing TRAFFIC Must win / Must grow Seamless Experience Store Training & Incentives CONVERSION Data & Analytics Brand Health AVERAGE UNIT RETAIL Store Remodels & Prototypes COMP SALES DRIVERS

  104. Slide 104: Global Market Expansion: $1.5B Addressable Opportunity

    $1.5B ADDRESSABLE INTERNATIONAL OPPORTUNITY GLOBAL MARKET EXPANSION $0.8B 2017 SALES $1.0B OPPORTUNITY $0.4B 2017 SALES $0.5B OPPORTUNITY EUROPE ASIA & ROW ROW EXCLUDES CANADA

  105. Slide 105: Global Market Expansion: Fleet Activity

    GLOBAL MARKET EXPANSION ~3X $/GSF PRODUCTIVITY OF OPENINGS VS. CLOSURES FLEET ACTIVITY 2015-2017 OPENINGS 59 CLOSURES (152) NET CHANGE (93)

  106. Slide 106: Gross Margin Expansion: Concept to Customer

    AVERAGE UNIT RETAIL DRIVE GROWTH BRAND HEALTH CONCEPT TO CUSTOMER WHAT WE BUY WHERE WE SOURCE HOW WE BUY HOW WE ALLOCATE HOW WE PRICE GROSS MARGIN EXPANSION

  107. Slide 107: Gross Margin Expansion

    GROSS MARGIN EXPANSION AVERAGE UNIT COST FLAT TO UP SLIGHTLY INFLATION PRESSURE SOURCING INITIATIVES

  108. Slide 108: Operating Expense Reduction

    OPERATING EXPENSE REDUCTION $400M GROSS EXPENSE SAVINGS SINCE 2013 CONTINUED PROFIT IMPROVEMENT MINDSET

  109. Slide 109: Operating Expense Leverage

    CONTINUOUS PROFIT IMPROVEMENT STORE OCCUPANCY TRANSFORMATION INITIATIVES OPERATING EXPENSE LEVERAGE WHAT’S NEXT LEVERAGE FIXED EXPENSE COMP GROWTH

  110. Slide 110: Investment and Evolving Cost Structure

    INVESTMENT INCREASED COST EVOLVING COST STRUCTURE INFLATION ANALYTICS CAPABILITIES MARKETING & ENGAGEMENT SHIFT TO DIGITAL

  111. Slide 111: Capital Allocation Philosophy

    CAPITAL ALLOCATION PHILOSOPHY INVEST & TRANSFORM THE BUSINESS ANNUAL CAPITAL EXPENDITURES $125 – 175 M RETURN EXCESS CASH TO SHAREHOLDERS MAINTAIN DIVIDEND SHARE REPURCHASES 1 2

  112. Slide 112: Strong Balance Sheet

    $935M Q4 2017 $700M MINIMUM LIQUIDITY TARGET STORE CLOSURES (INCL. FLAGSHIPS) FLEET PROTOTYPE CONVERSIONS NEW STORE OPENINGS TRANSFORMATION INVESTMENTS STRONG BALANCE SHEET ACCELERATION OPPORTUNITIES

  113. Slide 113: Our Journey: Drive Shareholder Value

    OUR JOURNEY STABILIZE TRANSFORM ACCELERATE GROW SALES EXPAND MARGINS MANAGE EXPENSES DRIVE SHAREHOLDER VALUE

  114. Slide 114: Morning in Review

    FRAN HOROWITZ Chief Executive Officer MORNING IN REVIEW

  115. Slide 115: Growing While Transforming

    GROWING WHILE TRANSFORMING LOW SINGLE-DIGIT TOTAL SALES CAGR DOUBLE 2017 ADJ. EBIT MARGIN STRONG ASSETS & BALANCE SHEET OMNICHANNEL INFRASTRUCTURE THE RIGHT TEAM & RESOURCES A CLEAR PLAN POSITIVE COMP SALES GLOBAL GROWTH GROSS MARGIN EXPANSION OPEX LEVERAGE

  116. Slide 116: Our Values

    OUR VALUES Niteeeem NE ; N23 aLways

  117. Slide 117: Human; A&F Co. Gives Back

    HUMAN her ect willl, Sossene va = oe A A A&E Co. <<. — GIVES BACK seriousfury children’s network founded by paul newman A

  118. Slide 118: Q & A

    Q & A

  119. Slide 119: Thank You

    THANK YOU INVESTOR DAY APRIL 25, 2018 NEW YORK

Abercrombie & Fitch — Investor Day (April 2018) on 6ix