Slide 1: Presentation Bruce German
Presentation Bruce German International Nutrition Symposium 2006, Nestlé Research Center Nestlé Research Center Welcome to Lausanne and the Nestlé Research Center. I am delighted to have the task of presenting the brief history of these International Symposia and to describe the most recent and very
Slide 2: Goal of 1st International Nutrition Symposium
Goal of 1st International Nutrition Symposium Are People all the same in response to diet, health and disease risk Are there methods that can assess health status, predict the trajectory of health and act to prevent disease Nestlé Research Center Perhaps the greatest achievement in the past 25 y
Slide 3: Consensus from First International Nutrition Symposium
Consensus from First International Nutrition Symposium Humans differ Genetically AND by Lifestyle choices The Tools to measure Metabolism in individuals exist but are not yet brought to practice But do we need to assess Health? Now: More and More Humans are suffering from Health problems due t
Slide 4: Goal of 2nd International Nutrition Symposium
Goal of 2nd International Nutrition Symposium Assemble the world’s scientific leaders in the regulation of Energy Metabolism Discuss what is now known and can be brought to practice as solutions to the problems of Obesity, Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders Nestlé Research Center For the second sy
Slide 5: Consensus from Second International Nutrition Symposium
Consensus from Second International Nutrition Symposium Metabolic Diseases are being driven by a combination of inappropriate environmental factors (diet-lifestyle) on a background of genetic susceptibility The consequences of metabolic disorders will be devastating to many aspects of public hea
Slide 6: Third International Nutrition Symposium
Third International Nutrition Symposium The regulation of metabolism and the basis dietary choices lie in the brain What is the role of Diet in Brain Functions? Nestlé Research Center For this the 3rd Symposium Nestlé invited the world’s experts in neurological research and the world’s leading e
Slide 7: Session 1: Inputs
Session 1 Inputs How does the brain acquire information? Pierre de Gennes Charles Zuker Anthony Sclafani Nestlé Research Center This was a very exciting session reporting some of the most interesting new research findings and I will summarize the key points all related to the sensation of tast
Slide 8: Taste: Receptors and Mechanisms
Taste: Receptors and Mechanisms How do chemicals on the tongue produce signals in the brain? Nestlé Research Center One of the fundamental questions that has perplexed scientists for centuries, how do chemicals on the tongue produce signals in the brain? Thanks to the research of Charles Zuker, we n
Slide 9: Intestinal 'taste' receptors
Intestinal ‘taste’ receptors How does the intestine affect preference? Taste receptors also exist in the intestine The intestine senses the quality of food and signals the brain to develop flavor preferences Nestlé Research Center With this critical information in place, scientists have begun making
Slide 10: Session 2: The Brain
Session 2 The Brain How does the brain process information? Erwin Neher Nikos Logothetis Henry Markram Nestlé Research Center This session lived up to the reputation that brain research is among the most fascinating aspects in all of science. 10
Slide 11: Brain and Energy
Brain and Energy The brain is constanly restructuring and signaling between neurons As a result the brain is an energy demanding organ It is now possible to calculate the precise fuel demands The energy needed to transmit signals from neuron to neuron limits the brain’s capacity Nestlé Research Cent
Slide 12: Imaging the Brain at work
Imaging the Brain at work It is now possible to take images of the brain as it functions Not only that scientists have found ways to image specific molecules in the brain Wouldn’t you like to know how your brain is functioning right now? Nestlé Research Center One of the great achievements of scienc
Slide 13: Computing the brain's key unit
Computing the brain’s key unit The key mathematical properties of single neuronal cells are now known Henri Markram at the EPFL proposed to IBM to construct a model of the human neocortical column with their supercomputers The Blue Brain is now a reality Nestlé Research Center It gets better. As we
Slide 14: Session 3: The Fuel
Session 3 The Fuel What does the brain use for Fuel and Regulation? Pierre Magistretti Hans Berthoud Marcus Heinrichs Nestlé Research Center 14
Slide 15: The brain's jet fuel
The brain’s jet fuel The brain developed with a marriage of neurons and their fueling cells – glial cells Glial cells take in glucose and convert it to a more usable form - lactate Glial cells pump lactate to fuel the neurons Nestlé Research Center As the brain developed through evolution it emerged
Slide 16: The brain as an integrator
The brain as an integrator The brain takes signals of energy status from all over the body The brain integrates this information and dictates to the body how to proportion fuel When the brain fails to integrate these signals correctly – obesity! Nestlé Research Center Next the session turned to addr
Slide 17: The brain as a communicator
The brain as a communicator The brain is controlled by complex signaling molecules one of which is surprisingly the protein hormone oxytocin Oxytocin is the hormone that controls lactation in breast feeding mothers Oxytocin also controls complex behaviours such as Trust Nestlé Research Center We the
Slide 18: Session 4: The Problems
Session 4 The Problems What causes the brain to breakdown during aging? Bruno Vellas Bruce Ames Susan Craft Nestlé Research Center 18
Slide 19: Degeneration during Aging
Degeneration during Aging The brain needs all nutrients for optimal function Even a small transient insufficiency of just one nutrient can cause tissues to change their properties It is critical to maintain nutrient sufficiency throughout your life Nestlé Research Center Degeneration during Aging •
Slide 20: Loss of Function - Alzheimers
Loss of Function - Alzheimers The deterioration of memory properties of the brain is due to the catastrophic loss of tissue and function The causes are not known Metabolic disorders accelerate the deterioration of neurological functions The rapid rise in obesity and diabetes may signal an increase i
Slide 21: What have we Learned?
What have we Learned? The human brain is an astonishing engine that demands massive fueling Our senses of taste, smell, touch, vision and hearing when activated by food ‘light up’ most of our entire brain We are beginning to understand the important role of food in fueling the brain and the importan
Slide 22: Questions to be answered
Questions to be answered •How can cognitive performance be improved by food? (In adults/elderly, In children) •Which are the irreversible pathways in brain development and cognitive ageing affected by (mal)nutrition? Which are the reversible ones? •What would be the specific opportunities for nutrit