Intertek Group plc · LSE:ITRK
Intertek — Technical Presentation (December 2011)
55 slides from Intertek's technical presentation, December 2011
Slide 1: Hazardous Locations Overview
Hazardous Locations Overview Presented By: Ryan Parks Hazardous Locations Team Leader www.intertek.com
Slide 2: Topics of Discussion
Topics of Discussion • What is a Hazardous Location? • What causes an explosion? • Potential ignition sources • Protection concepts 101 • Classification Schemes (ATEX/IEC vs. NEC) • Designing/Certification for HazLoc www.intertek.com
Slide 3: Hazardous Locations Overview, Ignitions Sources, and Protection Concepts
Hazardous Locations Overview, Ignitions Sources, and Protection Concepts www.intertek.com
Slide 4: What is Potentially Explosive Atmosphere Certification and why might you need it?
What is Potentially Explosive Atmosphere Certification and why might you need it? Any industry that processes, uses or manufactures materials that may give rise to a flammable atmosphere (gas, mist, liquid, dusts or even small fibres) may have a potentially explosive atmosphere. Such industries/proc
Slide 5: Deepwater Horizon
Deepwater Horizon www.intertek.com
Slide 6: Facts about Disaster
Facts about Disaster • 11 Missing, presumed dead • $350,000,000 cost for rig (now 5,000 ft below water) • $350,000,000 spent so far – BP • 200,000 gallons (5,000 barrels) leaking per day in the Gulf - $75/barrell = $375,000/day • $2 – 14 billion estimated in clean-up and compensation (preliminary) •
Slide 7: What is an explosion?
What is an explosion? In order to create an explosion there has to be fuel (for example and explosive gas such as hydrogen), and oxidizer (such as the oxygen in air) and a source of ignition energy (for example, a hot surface or an electrical spark). These three items are commonly referred to as ‘th
Slide 8: The Fuel
The Fuel The explosion properties of our fuel (gasses, vapours, combustible dusts) have been studied and organized by their fammability limits and ignition temp etc. in order to suitably assess the potential of an explosion and to take appropriate preventative measures to avoid an explosion. www.int
Slide 9: Fuel Properties
Fuel Properties All flammable gasses, vapours and mists require to be mixed with oxygen to make them burn. There is about 20-21% of oxygen in the air we breath. Mixtures of a flammable gas and certain percentages of air will burn if ignited. Too much or too little oxygen, the mixture will not ignite
Slide 10: Explosion Properties
Explosion Properties Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) The concentration of flammable gas or vapour in air, below which the gas atmosphere is not explosive. Upper Explosive Limit (UEL) The concentration of flammable gas or vapour in air, above which the gas atmosphere is not explosive. www.intertek.com
Slide 11: Explosion Properties
Explosion Properties Examples of Explosive Limits Substance LEL (%) UEL (%) Methane 5 15 Propane 2 9.5 Ethylene 2.7 34 Acetylene 3 100 Hydrogen 4 75.6 www.intertek.com
Slide 12: Explosion Properties
Explosion Properties – At a critical concentration called the most easily ignited concentration (MEIC), the amount of energy required to cause ignition is minimal. – The critical energy at the MEIC is called minimum ignition energy (MIE). www.intertek.com
Slide 13: Fuel Properties
Fuel Properties Temperature Every material has a spontaneous ignition temperature, SIT (or AIT, auto ignition temperature) at which it will ignite spontaneously. If the temperature of a mixture is raised, the amount of electrical energy required for ignition will decrease, reaching zero at the AIT.
Slide 14: Temperature classification
Temperature classification • Equipment is identified with a temperature class • Either identified by a ‘T’ rating or by a temperature in degrees C. • The temperature class identifies the hottest temperature that the equipment can obtain. • This can be a either the inside or the outside of the equipm
Slide 15: Temperature Class
Temperature Class The full list of temperature codes are www.intertek.com
Slide 16: Temperature Class
Temperature Class The resulting temperature codes for the substances listed previously (temperature classification) are shown below: Substance Temp Class Methane T1 Propane T1 Ethylene T2 Acetylene T2 Hydrogen T1 www.intertek.com
Slide 17: Gas Grouping
Gas Grouping Example: Material Flashpoint LEL UEL Ignition Temp T Gas (deg C) (%) (%) (deg C) Class Group Methane -188 4.4 17.0 537 T1 IIA Ammonia NA 15 33.6 630 T1 IIA Kerosene 38 0.7 5.0 210 T3 IIA www.intertek.com
Slide 18: Combustible Dust
Combustible Dust Around 50 explosions are reported per year, ranging from small deflagrations to building destroying detonations which lead to large numbers of fatalities. They are usually associated with the grain and mining industries, however they can occur whenever a process uses particulate mat
Slide 19: Potential Ignition Sources
Potential Ignition Sources • Hot surfaces • Flames • Mechanically generated sparks • Stray electric currents • Static • Lightening • Radio Frequency (Range 1 & 2) • Ionising Radiation • Ultrasonic • Adiabatic compression and shock waves • Exothermic reactions (inc. self ignition of dusts) www.intert
Slide 20: Protection Concepts
Protection Concepts ATEX, IEC and NEC 505 use the same protection concepts. NEC 500 only uses Ex d, Ex i, DIV 2 and Purge. Only intrinsic safety is very similar. European Equipment must meet Constructional Requirements & Tests. www.intertek.com
Slide 21: Flameproof (Explosion-proof) Ex d
Flameproof (Explosion-proof) Ex d It is assumed that the surrounding explosive atmosphere can enter the enclosure and that there will be internal explosions during the life of the equipment. The enclosure therefore has to be strong enough not to fracture or distort under the internal pressures gener
Slide 22: Intrinsic Safety
Intrinsic Safety Low energy levels prevents incendive sparking and hotspots www.intertek.com
Slide 23: Purged and Pressurized
Purged and Pressurized Excludes gas by positive pressure differential 3 types: Static, leakage compensation and continuous dilution Applications: Control cabinets, analyser units and analytical instruments www.intertek.com
Slide 24: Increased Safety Ex e
Increased Safety Ex e The apparatus must not arc, spark, or produce ignition capable hot surfaces in normal operation. X X X www.intertek.com
Slide 25: Oil Immersion Ex o
OIL IMMERSIONN Ex o Steel Vessel Oil Electrical Apparatus www.intertek.com
Slide 26: Powder Filling Ex q
POWDER FILLING Ex q Protection of high power electronics Applications: starters for Ex e lighting, capacitors etc Electrical Apparatus Powder Filling Enclosure www.intertek.com
Slide 27: Encapsulation
Encapsulation Protects by immersion in encapsulant Typical applications: Solenoid valves, power supplies www.intertek.com
Slide 28: Encapsulation Ex 'm'
Encapsulation Ex ‘m’ Cable Entry Encapsulant Electrical Apparatus Explosive Atmosphere www.intertek.com
Slide 29: Type 'n' Protection for Zone 2
Type ‘n’ Protection for Zone 2 Methods: Non sparking/arcing parts Sealed or encapsulated device Restricted breathing Enclosed break Simplified pressurization Hermetically sealed Encapsulated Energy limiting apparatus www.intertek.com
Slide 30: Protection Concept for Dust Classified Areas
Protection Concept for Dust Classified Areas The protection concept for dust hazards is to prevent the dust from entering the enclosure or apparatus. Additionally, the maximum surface temperature of the equipment to which the dust can be exposed shall not exceed the ignition temperature of the dust.
Slide 31: Classification Schemes, Certification, and Design Guidelines
Classification Schemes, Certification, and Design Guidelines www.intertek.com
Slide 32: Manufacturers must be aware they may be asked for certification
Manufacturers of electrical equipment (and non- electrical for Europe) must be aware that if they sell to industries that have potentially explosive atmospheres they may be asked for ‘certification’, and that often the equipment will need to be certified by a Notified or NRTL Body such as Intertek.
Slide 33: Special certification schemes for explosive atmospheres
Given the onerous nature of an explosion, special certification schemes have been set up to control the design and certification of equipment for potentially explosive atmospheres. *mandatory under law/procurement specifications www.intertek.com
Slide 34: An Explanation of ATEX, NEC and IEC Systems
An Explanation of ATEX, NEC and IEC Systems • Environments that generate potentially explosive atmospheres classify the dangerous areas based on the likelihood and duration of the explosive atmospheres presence. • This is referred to as a “Zone” (Europe and NEC 505) or “Division” (NEC 500) www.inter
Slide 35: Equipment Groups
Equipment Groups Apparatus is divided into Equipment groups: Group I for mines susceptible to methane (firedamp). Group II for explosive gases for locations other than mines Group III for dusts www.intertek.com
Slide 36: Equipment Categories
Equipment Categories Further divided into categories: M1and M2 for mining Category 1 (Zone 0, 20), 2 (Zone 1, 21) and 3 (Zone 2, 22) for all other industries. www.intertek.com
Slide 37: Zone Definitions
Zone Definitions A place in which an explosive atmosphere in the form of a gas/vapour (or cloud of combustible dust) in air…. Zone 0 (Zone 20) ….is present continuously, or for long periods or frequently. Zone 1 (Zone 21) ….is likely to occur in normal operation occasionally. Zone 2 (Zone 22) ….is n
Slide 38: Hazardous Area Classification: Europe
Hazardous Area Classification: Europe Zone System Gases Mists & Vapours • Zone 0,1 or 2 Combustible Dusts • Zone 20, 21 or 22 www.intertek.com
Slide 39: Class/Division Definitions
Class/Division Definitions Class I - Contains flammable gases or vapors in quantities large enough to produce an explosion. Class II - Is hazardous due to the presence of combustible dust in the air. Class III - Contains easily ignitable fibers or flyings in the air. However, the quantities of fiber
Slide 40: Hazardous Area Classification: North America
Hazardous Area Classification: North America Class & Division System – Gases Mists & Vapors Class I Div 1 or 2 – Combustible Dusts Class II Div 1 or 2 – Fiber & Flyings Class III Div 1 & 2 Zone System – Gases, Mists & Vapors Only – Zone 0, 1 or 2 Note: The majority of Areas Classified in North Ameri
Slide 41: Correlation – Somewhat?
Correlation – Somewhat? www.intertek.com
Slide 42: Gas Groups (ATEX, IEC and NEC 505)
Gas Groups (ATEX, IEC and NEC 505) •Group II is further divided into three sub-divisions (groups): – IIA, for atmospheres containing propane or gases of an equivalent hazard. – IIB, for atmospheres containing ethylene or gases of an equivalent hazard. – IIC, for atmospheres containing hydrogen or ga
Slide 43: IEC Zone System
Intertek IEC Zone System IEC <= Group IIA } Group IIB ; Group IIC } www. intertek.com @ © ®) Yy (EEAE) (inmerenig@ intertek intertek intertek intertek —Intertek —_intertek
Slide 44: Apparatus Grouping
Intertek Apparatus Grouping US (NEC® 505) CA (CEC Section 18) EU US (NEC® 500) IEC CA (CEC Annex J) Group IIC Class I/Group A Hydrogen (Group IIB +H,) Class I/Group B Ethylene Group IIB Class I/Group C Propane Group IIA Class I/Group D Methane Group I* i *Not within scope of NEC® Under jurisdiction
Slide 45: Designing for Hazloc
Designing for Hazloc What Market? US, Canada, ATEX, IECEx, INMETRO, GOST-R/Roztechnadzor, ……etc What Classification? Class I, II, III Division 1, 2 Zone 0, 1, 2 What Protection Technique? What Enclosure Rating? www.intertek.com
Slide 46: Certification Differences
Certification Differences Europe North America Notified Bodies NRTL IEC Ex TL’s & CB’s Standards Standards • Nationally Published Standards • CENELEC (ie UL, CSA, FM, ISA, ANSI) • CEN • IEC Components Components • Must be either Listed or • ATEX or IEC Ex Recognized by NRTL • North American Standard
Slide 47: Equipment that needs ATEX
Equipment that needs ATEX Product Certification- Electrical CAT 1 (Zone 0, 20) & CAT 2 (Zone 1, 21) Requires a Notified Body & QM CAT 3 (Zone 2, 22) Can be Self Certified Product Certification- Non-Electrical CAT 1 (Zone 0, 20) Requires a Notified Body & QM CAT 2 (Zone 1, 21) Requires A TCF to be Lo
Slide 48: North America
North America NEC, Article 500 – 505 CEC, Article 18 Div. System with some use of Zone System (Zone Equipment sometimes accepted in Div.) Suitability per the following: 1. Listing/Labelling – Intertek 2. Evaluation by Qualified Agency – Intertek 3. Accepted by AHJ – Evidence…Intertek www.intertek.co
Slide 49: ETL & cETL Listing For Hazloc
ETL & cETL Listing For Hazloc Requires Ordinary Location certification Potential Enclosure rating testing Certification to Protection Technique Standards www.intertek.com
Slide 50: Listing vs. Classification
Listing vs. Classification Examination of all risks: Explosion, along with shock, fire, mechanical, etc. HazLoc + OrdLoc = Listing HazLoc Only = Classification www.intertek.com
Slide 51: Other Evaluations Required…
Other Evaluations Required… • Indoor vs. Outdoor Use – Type 1 (indoor only) – Type 3/3R (rain) - outdoor – Type 4/4X (hose) • Evaluation per UL 50/50E and CSA C22.2 #94 www.intertek.com
Slide 52: IEC Ex Scheme
IEC Ex Scheme • Multilateral Certification Scheme • Ex Product Certification • Ex Quality System Certification • Obtain National Certification Requires: • Evaluation and Testing by IEC Ex TL • Certification of Product and QA by IEC Ex CB www.intertek.com
Slide 53: Service Line Review
Service Line Review • Product Certification – ATEX – EU and other adoptive regions (Middle East) – IECEx – Members of the International IECEx Scheme – US/CAN – cETLus • Field Labels • Site Safety – Consultancy – Inspections and Risk Assessments (Assemblies or Plant) – Audits & Certification • Traini
Slide 54: Our Hazardous Location Credentials
Our Hazardous Location Credentials • OSHA recognized Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory (NRTL) for Hazardous Location Divisional Listing in the U.S. • Standards Council of Canada accredited Certification Body (CB) and Testing Organization (TO) • Notified Body and UKAS Accredited for the ATEX D
Slide 55: Questions?
Questions? www.intertek.com
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