Slide 1: X-ray Technology for NDT Applications (Nondestructive Testing)
WEBINAR: X-ray Technology for NDT Applications (Nondestructive Testing) Andrew Fay Hamamatsu Corporation Bridgewater, NJ 6.25.2020 CT Image Courtesy of North Star Imaging 🄫 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. and its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 1
Slide 2: Bio
Bio Andrew Fay is an Application Engineer at Hamamatsu Corporation US HQ in Bridgewater, NJ 🄫 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. and its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 2
Slide 3: Agenda
Agenda ■ Intro to X-rays ■ Source Tubes ~ 35 minutes ■ Detectors ■ Applications : • Industrial CT • Electronics Inspection • Food Inspection 🄫 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. and its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 3
Slide 4: Agenda
Agenda ■ Intro to X-rays ■ Source Tubes ■ Detectors ■ Applications : • Industrial CT • Electronics Inspection • Food Inspection 🄫 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. and its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 4
Slide 5: Advancements in X-ray Technology
Advancements in X-ray Technology Roentgen 1896 Industrial Cone Beam CT 2020 1895 X-rays Discovered Courtesy: Pinnacle X-ray Solutions 🄫 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. and its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 5
Slide 6: X-ray: Properties
X-ray : Properties • Energy Range: “Soft x-ray” 5-50keV to “Hard x-rays” 150keV – 1MeV • Wavelength: 0.01nm – 10nm High energy Low energy 🄫 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. and its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 6
Slide 7: Principle of X-ray Generation
Principle of X-ray Generation Basic structure of an X-ray tube 1. Cathode (Typically Tungsten) 2. Anode (Target) Take-off angle 3. Focal Spot Cathode Exit Beam angle Thermionic Emission 🄫 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. and its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 7
Slide 8: X-rays: tube energy spectrum
X-rays : tube energy spectrum 🄫 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. and its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 8
Slide 9: Factors affecting tube output spectrum: Target Material
Factors affecting tube output spectrum : Target Material (Need higher tube voltage Higher stopping power Higher stopping power to transmit) (Need higher tube voltage to transmit) 🄫 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. and its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 9
Slide 10: Factors affecting tube output spectrum: Filters, Tube Potential, Tube Current
Factors affecting tube output spectrum : Filters, Tube Potential, Tube Current Add Filters at tube Adjust tube Potential kV Adjust tube current 🄫 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. and its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 10
Slide 11: X-rays interact with materials differently
X-rays interact with materials differently Scatter and Sample Material Attenuation Coefficients X-ray source X-ray Production / Spectra Number of X-ray photon Sample Detector Energy 🄫 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. and its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 11
Slide 12: Factors for Image Quality: Tube Potential Variation
Factors for Image Quality: Tube Potential (Voltage kV) Variation Tube Potential (kV) : Defines the intensity of X-ray energy Change tube kV 30kV 300uA 60kV 300uA 90kV 300uA Higher Tube potential kV gives better material penetration 🄫 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. and its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
Slide 13: Factors for Image Quality: Tube Current Variation
Factors for Image Quality: Tube Current (A) Variation Tube current: Determines the amount of x-ray photons (“Brightness” of image) S/N： 114 S/N： 200 Change tube current 80kV 100uA 80kV 300uA Signal to Noise ratio is improved by increasing tube current. 🄫 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. and its…
Slide 14: Factors for Image Quality: Focal Spot Size, Sharpness and Magnification
Factors for Image Quality: Focal Spot Size, Image Sharpness and Magnification Large Focal spot Small Focal spot S1 Formula Focal spot on target Unsharpness U1 = S1 x (D2 / D1) D1 Object Formula Magnification M2/M1 = (D1+D2) / D1 M1 Image D2 M2 U1 Unsharpness 🄫 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. and its…
Slide 15: Agenda
Agenda ■ Intro to X-rays ■ Source Tubes ■ Detectors ■ Applications : • Industrial CT • Electronics Inspection • Food Inspection 🄫 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. and its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 15
Slide 16: Types of X-ray Sources: Conventional / Milli- / Micro- / Nano-
Types of X-ray Sources : Conventional / Milli- / Micro- / Nano- X-ray Source tubes are often characterized by the focal spot : Focal Spot Type App kV Res Mag Config (Resolution) Sealed Glass or Conventional Tube > 1mm Medical 600kV Low No Ceramic Industrial / Sealed Glass or Milli-focus Tube 0.4 - 1
Slide 17: Reflection Type and Transmission Type
Reflection Type and Transmission Type Small FOD = high magnification FOD: Focus to Object Distance Cathode Cathode Reflection Type Transmission Type 🄫 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. and its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 17
Slide 18: Sealed and Open-type MFX
Sealed and Open-type MFX (Reflection or Transmission) Electron gun (Cathode) Focusing Target coil Vacuum Bulb Anode Pump HV Power Supply HV Cathode Power Supply Sealed Type Open Type 🄫 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. and its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 18
Slide 19: Sealed and Open-type MFX: Features
Sealed and Open-type MFX (Reflection or Transmission) Integrated Power Supply No HV Cables reduces maintenance easy system integration SEALED TUBE: OPEN TUBE: • Typically oil cooled • Target and Cathodes can be changed • Rugged and Compact for 24/7 in-line • Typically water cooled and off-line inspe
Slide 20: Advantage - High Resolution - 0.25μm
Advantage - High Resolution - 0.25μm Chart Open-Type (Transmission) Nano Imaging To achieve: Stable and quiet environment is required. Sealed-Type (Transmission) Micro high resolution 🄫 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. and its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 20
Slide 21: Agenda
Agenda ■ Intro to X-rays ■ Source Tubes ■ Detectors ■ Applications : • Industrial CT • Electronics Inspection • Food Inspection 🄫 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. and its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 21
Slide 22: NDT Application: Energy Range
NDT Application: Energy Range LSC 200 m FLAT PANEL 150 m XRII 100 m 50 m 20 kV 100 kV 150 kV 200 kV Energy 🄫 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. and its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 22
Slide 23: Detectors: Direct vs. Indirect
Detectors: Direct vs. Indirect 🄫 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. and its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 23
Slide 24: Overview of Detectors for NDT Applications
Overview of Detectors : for NDT Applications Flat Panel Line Scan Camera Xray Image Intensifier Energy Range Good Good 300kV Resolution 50m 48m Good Size (active area) Up to 43x43cm Good Good Speed Better Best Good Low Dose Performance Good Better Best Ease of Use/ Interface Good Good Good Applica
Slide 25: Flat-Panel Sensors (FPS)
Flat-Panel Sensors (FPS) 🄫 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. and its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 25
Slide 26: Intro to Scintillator and Deposition Types
Intro to Scintillator and Deposition Types Scintillator Material (Converts x-ray to light photon) CsI Scintillator • Needle Structure for High Resolution • Deposition applicable glass Support support Scintillator Deposition or Coupling Methods: CsI reflection Al Reflective Al CsI Gap 1) “Flipped” Sc
Slide 27: Compare CMOS and a-Si Flat-Panel
Compare CMOS and a-Si Flat-Panel Pixel size and Area size of sensors 500 Energy Levels Length of the active area (mm) a-Si TFT Side length of the active area (mm) 400 300 200 CMOS 100 0 50 100 150 200 250 Pixel size (mm) Pixel Size ( um )
Slide 28: CMOS vs. a-Si
CMOS vs. a-Si Currently Only CMOS offered for NDT Attribute CMOS A-Si Radiation Hardness TFT on Glass Substrate vs. Cost Silicon Wafer Detector Size 30x30cm 43x43cm Pixel Size 50m 100m Noise Higher Charge Mobility in Speed Crystalline vs. Amorphous Dynamic Range Low Dose / High Dose
Slide 29: Line Scan Cameras (LSC)
Line Scan Cameras (LSC) 🄫 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. and its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 29
Slide 30: Basic configuration of X-ray inspection system
Basic configuration of X‐ray inspection system Confidential General system consist of… • Milli- or microfocus • X‐ray camera (LSC) • 20kV to 160kV • Milli‐ or micro‐ X‐ray source • Food • Packages • Conveyers • Electronics • Shielding box • Tires • PC • Software • Single Energy • Dual Energy • TDI 3
Slide 31: Line Scan Camera Types
Line Scan Camera Types LSC LSC LSC SINGLE Energy DUAL Energy TDI sample sample sample LE Side view HE Top view 150 lines (pixels)
Slide 32: More on Dual-Energy and TDI
More on Dual‐Energy and TDI Confidential Dual‐Energy TDI (Time Delay Integration) • Improved sensitivity by x # lines • SNR improved by # lines 32
Slide 33: LSC - Applications
LSC - Applications LSC LSC LSC SINGLE Energy DUAL Energy TDI Food inspection Food inspection LiB inspection rubber glass Applications PCB inspection Food in glass jar 🄫 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. and its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 33
Slide 34: X-ray Image Intensifier (XRII)
X-ray Image Intensifier (XRII) 🄫 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. and its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 34
Slide 35: Operations in an X-ray image chain
X-ray Image Intensifier Operations in an X-ray image chain G1 Metal vacuum X-ray bottle Output G2 window Lens G3 Anode CMOS Camera CsI input screen Gain input screen = 200 el. / X-photon 60 kVp Xray-quantum Phosphor output screen Gain output screen = 1000 photons / electrons Aluminum input window To
Slide 36: X-ray Image Intensifier + CMOS Camera
X-ray Image Intensifier + CMOS Camera Applications: • Electrical Comp and Boards Features: • Battery Inspection • Very Good Energy Levels 20 ~ 300kV • CMOS Camera: • 2048 x 1544 • 65 fps • USB 3.0 🄫 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. and its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 36
Slide 37: Agenda
Agenda ■ X-ray Introduction ■ Source Tubes ■ Detectors ■ Applications : • Industrial CT • Electronics Inspection • Food Inspection 🄫 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. and its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 37
Slide 38: Industrial CT Application: Examples
Industrial CT Application : Examples Electronics Metal Parts Composites Material Sciences Agriculture 🄫 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. and its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 38
Slide 39: Industrial CT Application: Image Quality – Magnification
Industrial CT Application : Image Quality – Magnification MFX will allow good magnification of a sample/part onto the FPS: Magnification allows the • High Magnification defect to be projected • Micro focus reduces onto more pixels at the detector. Therefore Unsharpness better detectability. • Increa
Slide 40: Industrial CT Application: Image Quality – Frame Averaging
Industrial CT Application : Image Quality – Frame Averaging Random Noise intensity fluctuations can be reduced. Noise drops by 1/the square root of the number of frames averaged. Full Res Binned 🄫 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. and its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 40
Slide 41: Industrial CT Application: Image Quality – Optimizing SNR
Industrial CT Application : Image Quality – Optimizing SNR Optimizing SNR is a balance of Signal Increase and Noise Reduction. 1. Confirm sample penetration, adjusting Tube Potential kV. 2. Add beam FILTER to remove unwanted low energy x-rays. 3. Collimate output of source tube to reduce scatter. 4.
Slide 42: Agenda
Agenda ■ X-ray Introduction ■ Source Tubes ■ Detectors ■ Applications : • Industrial CT • Electronics Inspection • Food Inspection 🄫 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. and its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 42
Slide 43: Electronic Inspection Application: Sample Dose and Magnification
Electronic Inspection Application : Sample Dose and Magnification X-ray tube FOD: 7.3mm FOD: 10.0mm (2.7mm form the X-ray window) Reflective FDD:300mm Sample Geometric magnification = FDD / FOD = 30 times 4 inch X-ray II Pixel size of the input is 35μm Transmission L12531 FDD:150mm Sample X-ray tube
Slide 44: Electronic Inspection Application: Sample Dose and Detector
Electronic Inspection Application : Sample Dose and Detector Bidirectional Scanning Focused fan beam onto small detector area 🄫 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. and its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 44
Slide 45: Agenda
Agenda ■ Intro to X-rays ■ Source Tubes ■ Detectors ■ Applications : • Industrial CT • Electronics Inspection • Food Inspection 🄫 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. and its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 45
Slide 46: Food Inspection Applications
Food Inspection Applications Hash brown potatoes X-ray LSC 🄫 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. and its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 46
Slide 47: Food Inspection Applications - Detectability
Food Inspection Applications - Detectability Dual- Looking For: Inside of: Need: LSC TDI Energy Quality and Safety Check General High Speed BEST Good Good Organic Materials (Glass, Bone, Homogeneous Dynamic Mineral Stone) or (Yogurt, Butter) Range BEST Good Good High Density Plastic/Rubber Organic M
Slide 48: Food Inspection Application - Where
Food Inspection Application - Where Single Energy LSC Dual Energy LSC TDI LSC Bulk Food Process Processing Lines Packaged / Sealing In from Field 🄫 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. and its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 48
Slide 49: References
References ISSN 1097-0002, Advances in X-ray Analysis, Volume 41 Spectral distribution from end window X-ray tubes N. Broll1 , P. de Chateaubourg2 1 FORTEX - E.N.S.A.I.S International Atomic Energy Agency, Diagnostic Radiology Physics 2014 Dance, Christofides, Maidment, McLean, Ng. North Star Imagin
Slide 50: Join Us for 10 Weeks of FREE Photonics Webinars
Join Us for 10 Weeks of FREE Photonics Webinars (17 Topics) Week # Weekly Topics # of Talks Talk #1 Date Talk #2 Date 1 Introduction to Photodetectors 2 26‐May‐20 28‐May‐20 2 Emerging Applications ‐ LiDAR & Flow Cytometry 2 2‐Jun‐20 4‐Jun‐20 3 Understanding Spectrometer 2 9‐Jun‐20 11‐Jun‐20 1 Weeks
Slide 51: CT Image Courtesy of North Star Imaging
CT Image Courtesy of North Star Imaging 🄫 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. and its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 51