Unaudited Financial Statements
for the year ended
31 December 2024
UPDC PLC RC.321582
UAC House, 1-5 Odunlami Street, Lagos. info@updcplc.com |www.updcplc.com
Directors: Mr. O. Oshin (Chairman), Mr. O. Ojo (CEO), Ms. B. Fadayomi (DD), Mr. F. Aiyesimoju, Mr. K. Osilaja, Mr. A. Falade
TABLE OF CONTENT | PAGE |
Performance Highlights
Consolidated and Separate Statement of Profit or Loss and Other Comprehensive Income
Consolidated and Seperate Statement of Financial Position
Consolidated and Seperate Statement of Cash Flows
Consolidated and Seperate Statement of changes in Equity
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
Shareholding Structure/Free Float Status
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UPDC PLC | ||||||
Financial Statements | ||||||
For the year ended 31 December, 2024 | ||||||
Performance Highlights | ||||||
The Group | The Company | |||||
31-Dec-24 | 31-Dec-23 | % | 31-Dec-24 | 31-Dec-23 | % | |
N'000 | N'000 | Change | N'000 | N'000 | Change | |
Revenue | 11,934,878 | 5,343,622 | 123 | 4,425,531 | 2,397,109 | 85 |
Operating profit | 1,677,855 | 563,596 | 198 | 363,430 | 512,670 | (29) |
Net finance cost | 140,347 | (183,661) | 176 | 103,776 | (195,992) | 153 |
Profit before taxation | 1,818,202 | 379,935 | 379 | 467,206 | 316,677 | 48 |
Taxation | (467,876) | (158,430) | (195) | (22,128) | (24,023) | 8 |
Profit for the year | 1,350,326 | 221,505 | 510 | 445,078 | 292,653 | 52 |
Total comprehensive Profit for the year | 1,163,547 | 675,111 | 72 | 258,299 | 746,260 | (65) |
Total Equity | 9,998,970 | 8,835,423 | 13 | 1,543,991 | 1,285,691 | 20 |
Total equity and liabilities | 24,627,634 | 19,664,031 | 25 | 10,687,189 | 12,080,358 | (12) |
Cash and Cash equivalents | 11,469,089 | 4,918,009 | 133 | 4,232,219 | 4,097,627 | 3 |
Basic Profit/(Loss) Per Share (Kobo) | 7 | - | - | 2 | (100) | |
NSE quotation as at December 31 (kobo) | 159 | 99 | 159 | 99 | ||
Number of shares in issue ('000) | 18,559,970 | 18,559,970 | 18,559,970 | 18,559,970 | ||
Market capitalisation as at December 31 (N'000) | 29,510,352 | 18,374,370 | 29,510,352 | 18,374,370 | ||
1 | 1 |
UPDC PLC
Consolidated and Separate Statement of Profit or Loss and Other Comprehensive Income For the year ended 31 December 2024
The Group | The Company | ||||
12 months | 12 months | 12 months | 12 months | ||
ended | ended | ended | ended | ||
31-Dec-24 | 31-Dec-23 | 31-Dec-24 | 31-Dec-23 | ||
Notes | N'000 | N'000 | N'000 | N'000 | |
Revenue | 4(i) | 11,934,878 | 5,343,622 | 4,425,531 | 2,397,109 |
Cost of sales | 6 | (7,650,519) | (3,442,302) | (3,177,654) | (1,619,274) |
Gross profit | 4,284,359 | 1,901,320 | 1,247,877 | 777,835 | |
Selling and distribution expenses | 6 | (303,634) | (111,240) | (145,829) | (86,086) |
Administrative expenses | 6 | (2,508,016) | (1,637,117) | (939,153) | (668,589) |
Other operating income | 6 | 205,146 | 501,063 | 200,535 | 617,438 |
Operating profit | 1,677,855 | 563,596 | 363,430 | 512,669 | |
Finance income | 7 | 538,181 | 239,528 | 501,610 | 227,197 |
Finance cost | 7 | (397,834) | (423,189) | (397,834) | (423,189) |
Net finance cost | 140,347 | (183,661) | 103,776 | (195,992) | |
Profit before Taxation | 1,818,202 | 379,935 | 467,206 | 316,676 | |
Taxation | 8 | (467,876) | (158,430) | (22,128) | (24,023) |
Profit for the year | 1,350,326 | 221,505 | 445,078 | 292,653 | |
Other comprehensive income: | |||||
Net changes in fair value of financial assets | 15 | (186,779) | 453,606 | (186,779) | 453,606 |
Total comprehensive Profit for the year | 1,163,547 | 675,111 | 258,299 | 746,260 | |
Profit/ (loss) attributable to: | |||||
Equity holders of the parent | 917,250 | 253,513 | 445,078 | 292,653 | |
Non controlling interest | 433,075 | (32,008) | - | - | |
Total profit | 1,350,326 | 221,505 | 445,078 | 292,653 | |
Total comprehensive profit/(loss) attributable to: | |||||
Equity holders of the parent | 730,472 | 707,119 | 258,299 | 746,260 | |
Non controlling interests | 433,075 | (32,008) | - | - | |
Total comprehensive profit/(loss) | 1,163,547 | 675,111 | 258,299 | 746,260 | |
Earnings per share for profit/(loss) attributable to the equity holders of the group:
Basic Profit/(Loss) Per Share (Kobo) | ||||||
From continuing operations | 12 | 7 | 1 | - | 2 | |
From discontinued operations | 12 | - | - | - | - | |
From profit/(loss) for the period | 7 | 1 | - | 2 | ||
Diluted Profit/(Loss) Per Share (Kobo) | ||||||
From continuing operations | 12 | 7 | 1 | - | 2 | |
From discontinued operations | 12 | - | - | - | - | |
From profit/(loss) for the period | 7 | 1 | - | 2 | ||
1 | 2 |
UPDC PLC | ||||||
Consolidated and Separate Statement of Financial Position | ||||||
For the year ended 31 December, 2024 | ||||||
The Group | The Company | |||||
31 December | 31 December | 31 December | 31 December | |||
2024 | 2023 | 2024 | 2023 | |||
Notes | N'000 | N'000 | N'000 | N'000 | ||
Assets | ||||||
Non-current assets | ||||||
Property, plant and equipment | 11 | 8,257,742 | 8,334,497 | 61,074 | 69,879 | |
Intangible assets | 11 | 48,090 | 52,199 | 5,471 | 7,886 | |
Investments in joint ventures | 13 | 120,141 | 120,141 | 119,337 | 119,337 | |
Equity instrument at fair value | 15 | 667,067 | 853,846 | 667,067 | 853,846 | |
Investments in subsidiaries | 16 | - | - | 1,617,287 | 1,616,697 | |
9,093,040 | 9,360,683 | 2,470,236 | 2,667,645 | |||
Current assets | ||||||
Inventories | 17 | 2,357,314 | 3,200,157 | 1,079,067 | 3,148,590 | |
Trade and other receivables | 19 | 1,560,990 | 2,037,980 | 2,758,467 | 2,019,295 | |
Current tax assets | 9 | 147,201 | 147,201 | 147,201 | 147,201 | |
Cash at bank and in hand | 20 | 11,469,089 | 4,918,009 | 4,232,219 | 4,097,627 | |
15,534,594 | 10,303,347 | 8,216,953 | 9,412,713 | |||
Total assets | 24,627,634 | 19,664,031 | 10,687,189 | 12,080,358 | ||
Equity | ||||||
Share capital | 9,279,985 | 9,279,985 | 9,279,985 | 9,279,985 | ||
Share premium | 8,971,551 | 8,971,551 | 8,971,551 | 8,971,551 | ||
Fair value reserve of financial assets at FVOCI | 100,060 | 286,839 | 100,060 | 286,839 | ||
Revenue reserve | (8,663,825) | (9,581,075) | (16,807,605) | (17,252,683) | ||
Equity attributable to equity holders of the | 9,687,771 | 8,957,300 | 1,543,991 | 1,285,693 | ||
Company | ||||||
Non controlling interest | 311,199 | (121,877) | - | - | ||
Total equity | 9,998,970 | 8,835,423 | 1,543,991 | 1,285,691 | ||
Liabilities | ||||||
Non-current liabilities | ||||||
Interest bearing Loans and Borrowings | 21 | 3,022,763 | 4,702,096 | 3,022,763 | 4,702,096 | |
Deferred taxation liabilities | 72,537 | 72,537 | 72,537 | 72,537 | ||
3,095,300 | 4,774,633 | 3,095,300 | 4,774,633 | |||
Current liabilities | ||||||
Trade and other payables | 22 | 10,975,469 | 5,815,764 | 5,943,050 | 5,918,170 | |
Current income tax liabilities | 473,548 | 167,485 | 20,501 | 31,139 | ||
Interest bearing Loans and Borrowings | 21 | 84,346 | 70,725 | 84,346 | 70,725 | |
11,533,363 | 6,053,974 | 6,047,897 | 6,020,036 | |||
Total liabilities | 14,628,663 | 10,828,607 | 9,143,198 | 10,794,669 | ||
Total equity and liabilities | 24,627,634 | 19,664,031 | 10,687,189 | 12,080,358 | ||
Wole Oshin | Odunayo Ojo | Grant Akata | ||
Chairman | Chief Executive Officer | Chief Financial Officer | ||
FRC/2013/CIIN/00000003054 | FRC/2016/NIESV/00000014322 | FRC/2023/PRO/ICAN/001/146924 |
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UPDC PLC
Consolidated and Separate Statement of Cashflows
For the year ended 31 December 2024
The Group | The Company | ||||
31 December | 31 December | 31 December | 31 December | ||
2024 | 2023 | 2024 | 2023 | ||
Notes | N'000 | N'000 | N'000 | N'000 | |
Profit before tax | 1,818,202 | 379,933 | 467,206 | 316,678 | |
Adjustment for Non cash items: | |||||
Depreciation | 10 | 166,166 | 115,665 | 29,120 | 12,615 |
Amortization of intangible asset | 10 | 4,787 | 4,787 | 2,414 | 3,084 |
Write Back Provision | - | (120,000) | - | (120,000) | |
Finance cost | 7 | 397,834 | 454,644 | 397,834 | 423,189 |
Finance income | 7 | (538,181) | (239,528) | (501,610) | (227,197) |
Assets of disposal of property,Plant and equipment | - | ||||
Exchange (gain)/loss | 5 | (20,132) | (16,380) | (20,132) | (16,380) |
Dividend Received | (59,270) | (46,891) | (59,270) | (84,900) | |
1,769,406 | 537,737 | 315,562 | 312,595 | ||
Changes in working capital: | |||||
(Increase)/decrease in inventories | 842,843 | 2,064,914 | 2,069,523 | 778,630 | |
Decrease/(increase) in receivables | 476,990 | (145,500) | (739,171) | (57,603) | |
Increase/(decrease) in payables | 5,043,928 | (216,799) | 17,584 | 584,385 | |
Decrease in deferred revenue | - | - | |||
Cash flow (used in)/from operating activities | 8,133,167 | 2,240,353 | 1,663,498 | 1,618,007 | |
Tax paid | - | (135,472) | |
VAT paid | (25,423) | (129,446) | |
Net Cash inflow from operating activities | 8,107,744 | 1,975,435 | |
Cash flow from investing activities | |||
Purchase of property, plant & equipment | 12 | (110,022) | (60,003) |
Purchase of intangible asset | 12 | (678) | (11,254) |
Proceeds from sale of property, plant and equipment | - | 5,506 | |
Investment in subsidiary | - | ||
Dividend received | 59,270 | 46,891 | |
Interest received | 7 | 538,181 | 239,528 |
Net cash flow from investing activities | 486,751 | 220,668 | |
Cash flow from financing activities | |||
Repayment of borrowings | (1,665,712) | - | |
Interest paid | (397,834) | (423,189) | |
Net cash flow from financing activities | (2,063,546) | (423,189) | |
Net increase/(decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | 6,530,949 | 1,772,914 | |
Net foreign exchange difference | 20,132 | (16,380) | |
Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the period | 4,918,008 | 3,161,475 | |
Cash and cash equivalents for the year ended | 18 | 11,469,089 | 4,918,008 |
- (30,214)
(25,423) (52,944)
1,638,075 1,534,850
(20,359) (53,750)
-
- 119,998
-
103,019
59,27073,773
501,610 227,197
539,931 470,237
(1,665,712)-
(397,834) (423,189)
(2,063,546) (423,189)
114,460 1,581,897
20,132(16,380)
4,097,627 2,532,109
4,232,218 4,097,627
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UPDC PLC
Consolidated and Separate Statement of Changes in Equity
For the year ended 31 December 2024
The Group | ||||||||
Attributable to owners of the Company | ||||||||
Fair value | ||||||||
reserve of | ||||||||
financial | Non | |||||||
Other | assets at | Controlling | ||||||
Share Capital | Share Premium Revenue Reserve | Reserves | FVOCI | Total | Interest | Total | ||
N'000 | N'000 | N'000 | N'000 | N'000 | N'000 | N'000 | N'000 | |
Balance at 1 January 2024 | 9,279,985 | 8,971,551 | (9,581,075) | - | 286,839 | 8,957,300 | (121,877) | 8,835,423 |
Profit for the year | - | - | 917,250 | - | - | 917,250 | 433,075 | 1,350,326 |
Net changes in fair value of financial assets | - | - | - | - | (186,779) | (186,779) | - | (186,779) |
through other comprehensive income | ||||||||
- | - | - | - | - | - | |||
Balance at 31 December 2024 | 9,279,985 | 8,971,551 | (8,663,825) | 100,060 | 9,687,772 | 311,199 | 9,998,970 | |
Balance at 1 January 2023 | 9,279,985 | 8,971,551 | (9,834,588) | (166,767) | 8,250,181 | (59,583) | 8,190,598 | |
Profit for the year | 253,513 | 253,513 | (32,008) | 221,505 | ||||
Dividend paid | - | - | - | - | (30,286) | (30,286) | ||
Net changes in fair value of financial assets | - | - | - | 453,606 | - | |||
through other comprehensive income | 453,606 | 453,606 | ||||||
Gain on reclassification of asset of disposal | - | |||||||
group held for sale | - | - | ||||||
Balance at 31 December 2023 | 9,279,985 | 8,971,551 | (9,581,075) | 286,839 | 8,957,300 | (121,877) | 8,835,423 | |
Effect of IFRS 9 on retained earnings | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
The Company | ||||||||
Attributable to owners of the Company | ||||||||
Fair value | ||||||||
reserve of | ||||||||
financial | ||||||||
Other | assets at | Total | ||||||
Share Capital | Share Premium Revenue Reserve | Reserves | FVOCI | |||||
N'000 | N'000 | N'000 | N'000 | N'000 | N'000 |
Balance at 1 January 2024 Profit for the year
Net changes in fair value of financial assets through other comprehensive income
9,279,985 | 8,971,551 | (17,252,683) | - | 286,839 | 1,285,692 |
- | - | 445,078 | - | - | 445,078 |
- | - | - | - | (186,779) | (186,779) |
Balance at 31 December 2024 | 9,279,985 | 8,971,551 | (16,807,605) | - | 100,060 | 1,543,991 |
Balance at 1 January 2023 | 9,279,985 | 8,971,551 | (17,545,338) | - | (166,767) | 539,431 |
Profit for the year | - | - | 292,655 | - | - | 292,655 |
Net changes in fair value of financial assets | - | - | - | - | 453,606 | 453,606 |
through other comprehensive income | ||||||
Loan from equity holder | - | - | ||||
Balance at 31 December 2023 | 9,279,985 | 8,971,551 | (17,252,683) | - | 286,839 | 1,285,692 |
Effect of IFRS 9 on retained earnings | - | - | - | |||
The summary of significant accounting policies and notes on pages 5 to 16 are an integral part of these financial statements.
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UPDC Plc
Notes to the Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements
For the Year ended 31 December 2024
1. General information
UPDC Plc ('the Company') and its subsidiaries (together 'the Group') is a company incorporated in Nigeria. The Group and the Company have businesses with activities in the following principal sectors: real estate and hotel management. The address of the registered office is 1-5 Odunlami Street, Lagos.
The Company is a public limited company and is listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange.
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Securities Trading Policy
In compliance with Rule 17.15 Disclosure of Dealings in Issuers' Shares, Rulebook of the Exchange 2015 (Issuers Rule) UPDC Plc maintains effective Security Trading Policy which guides Directors, Audit Committee members, employees and all individuals categorized as insiders as to their dealing in the Company's shares. The Policy is regularly reviewed and updated by the Board. The Company has made specific inquiries of all the directors and other insiders and is not aware of any infringement. - Management's Assessment of Internal Controls
The management of UPDC Plc is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. UPDC's internal control system was designed to provide reasonable assurance to the Company's management and board of directors regarding the preparation and fair representation of published financial statements.
UPDC Plc's management assessed the effectiveness of the Company's internal controls within the reporting period. Based on our assessment, we believe that as of 31 December 2024, the Group and the Company's internal control is effective. We will continue to work on further strengthening this position.
2. Summary of Material accounting policies
The material accounting policies applied in the preparation of these consolidated and separate financial statements are set out below. These policies have been consistently applied to all the years presented, unless otherwise stated.
2.1 Basis of preparation
The consolidated and separate financial statements have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and IFRS Interpretations Committee (IFRSIC) interpretations applicable to companies reporting under IFRS as issued by International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), Financial Reporting Council of Nigeria (Amendment) Act 2023 and the provisions of Companies and Allied Matters Act, 2020. The consolidated and separate financial statements have been prepared under the historical cost convention except for equity instruments at fair value through other comprehensive income, which are measured at fair value. Hostorical cost is generally based on the fair value of the consideration given in exchange for the assets.
The preparation of consolidated and separate financial statements in conformity with IFRS requires the use of certain critical accounting estimates. It also requires management to exercise its judgement in the process of applying the Group's accounting policies. The areas involving a higher degree of judgement or complexity or areas where assumptions and estimates are significant to the consolidated and
(All amounts are in Naira thousands unless otherwise stated)
- Changes in accounting policy and disclosures
New and amended standards and interpretations
The Group and the Company applied for the first-time certain standards and amendments, which are effective for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2024. The Group and Company has not early adopted any other standard, interpretation or amendment that has been issued but is not yet effective.- Standards issued but not yet effective
The standards and interpretations that are issued, but not yet effective, up to the date of issuance of the Company's financial statements are disclosed below:- Amendments to IAS 1 - Classification of Liabilities as Current or Non-Current - 1 January 2024
- Amendments to IFRS 10 and IAS 28 Sale or Contribution of Assets between an Investor and its Associate or Joint Venture. Effective date of this amendment is yet to be set by IASB
- Amendments to IAS 1 Non-current Liabilities with Covenants - 1 January 2024
- Amendments to IAS 7 and IFRS 7 Supplier Finance Arrangements - 1 January 2024
-
Amendments to IFRS16 Lease liability in a sale and leaseback - 1 January 2024
The company has assessed that the above amendments would not have material impact on the financial statements of the company when they become effective
6
UPDC Plc
Notes to the Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements
For the Year ended 31 December 2024
2.1.3.1 New standards and interpretations effective in the current year
The nature and effect of the changes as a result of adoption of these new accounting standards are described below. The amendments and interpretations apply for the first time in 2023, but do not have an impact on the financial statements of the Company. The Company has not early adopted any standard, interpretation or amendment that have been issued but are not yet effective.
IFRS 17 Insurance Contracts (including the June 2020 and December 2021 Amendments to IFRS 17)
The company has adopted IFRS 17 and the related amendments for the first time in the current year. IFRS 17 establishes the principles for the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of insurance contracts and supersedes IFRS 4 Insurance Contracts. The company does not have any contracts that meet the definition of an insurance contract under IFRS 17.
i.i Amendments to IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements and IFRS Practice Statement 2 Making Materiality Judgements-Disclosure of Accounting Policies
The company has adopted the amendments to IAS 1 for the first time in the current year. The amendments change the requirements in IAS 1 with regard to disclosure of accounting policies. The amendments replace all instances of the term 'significant accounting policies' with 'material accounting policy information'. Accounting policy information is material if, when considered together with other information included in an entity's financial statements, it can reasonably be expected to influence decisions that the primary users of general purpose financial statements make on the basis of those financial statements. There have been no changes to company's accounting policies in this regards and during the year however, policies relating to the company have been refined to only include material accounting policy information in line with the amendments to the existing standards
-
Amendments to IAS 12 Income Taxes-Deferred Tax related to Assets and Liabilities arising from a Single Transaction.
The company has adopted the amendments to IAS 12 for the first time in the current year. The amendments introduce a further exception from the initial recognition exemption. Under the amendments, an entity does not apply the initial recognition exemption for transactions that give rise to equal taxable and deductible temporary differences. Depending on the applicable tax law, equal taxable and deductible temporary differences may arise on initial recognition of an asset and liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and affects neither accounting profit nor taxable profit. Following the amendments to IAS 12, an entity is required to recognise the related deferred tax asset and liability, with the recognition of any deferred tax asset being subject to the recoverability criteria in IAS 12.25. - Amendments to IAS 12 Income Taxes- International Tax Reform-Pillar Two Model Rules
The company has adopted the amendments to IAS 12 for the first time in the current year. The IASB amends the scope of IAS 12 to clarify that the Standard applies to income taxes arising from tax law enacted or substantively enacted to implement the Pillar Two model rules published by the OECD, including tax law that implements qualified domestic minimum top-up taxes described in those rules. The amendments introduce a temporary exception to the accounting requirements for deferred taxes in IAS 12, so that an entity would neither recognise nor disclose information about deferred tax assets and liabilities related to Pillar Two income taxes. Following the amendments, the company is required to disclose that it has applied the exception and to disclose separately its current tax expense (income) related to Pillar Two income taxes.
-
Amendments to IAS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors-Definition of Accounting Estimates.
The company has adopted the amendments to IAS 8 for the first time in the current year. The amendments replace the definition of a change in accounting estimates with a definition of accounting estimates. Under the new definition, accounting estimates are monetary amounts in financial statements that are subject to measurement uncertainty. The definition of a change in accounting estimates was deleted.
7
UPDC PLC
Notes to the Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements - Continued
For the year ended 31 December 2024
2 Summary of significant accounting policies - Continued Consolidation
(a) Subsidiaries
Subsidiaries are all entities (including structured entities) over which the Group has control. The Group controls an entity when the Group is exposed to, or has rights to,variable returns from its involvement with the entity and has the ability to affect those returns through its power over the entity. Subsidiaries are fully consolidated from the date on which control is transferred to the Group. They are deconsolidated from the date that control ceases.
The Group and the Company applies the acquisition method to account for business combinations. The consideration transferred for the acquisition of a subsidiary is the fair values of the assets transferred, the liabilities incurred to the former owners of the acquiree and the equity interests issued by the Group and the Company. The consideration transferred includes the fair value of any asset or liability resulting from a contingent consideration arrangement. Identifiable assets acquired and liabilities and contingent liabilities assumed in a business combination are measured initially at their fair values at the acquisition date. The Group recognises any non-controlling interest in the acquiree on an acquisition-by-acquisition basis, either at fair value or at the non-controlling interest's proportionate share of the recognised amounts of acquiree's identifiable net assets.
Acquisition-related costs are expensed as incurred.
If the business combination is achieved in stages, the acquisition date carrying value of the acquirer's previously held equity interest in the acquiree is re-measured to fair value at the acquisition date; any gains or losses arising from such re-measurement are recognised in profit or loss.
Any contingent consideration to be transferred by the Group and the Company is recognised at fair value at the acquisition date. Subsequent changes to the fair value of the contingent consideration that is deemed to be an asset or liability is recognised in accordance with IFRS 9 either in profit or loss or as a change to other comprehensive income. Contingent consideration that is classified as equity is not re-measured, and its subsequent settlement is accounted for within equity.
The excess of the consideration transferred, the amount of any non-controlling interest in the acquiree and the acquisition-date fair value of any previous equity interest in the acquiree over the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. If the total of consideration transferred, non-controlling interest recognised and previously held interest measured is less than the fair value of the net assets of the subsidiary acquired in the case of a bargain purchase, the difference is recognised directly in the Profit or Loss.
Inter-company transactions, balances and unrealised gains on transactions between Group companies are eliminated. Unrealised losses are also eliminated when necessary amounts reported by subsidiaries have been adjusted to conform with the Group's accounting policies.
(b) Changes in ownership interests in subsidiaries without change of control
Transactions with non-controlling interests that do not result in loss of control are accounted for as equity transactions - that is, as transactions with the owners in their capacity as owners. The difference between fair value of any consideration paid and the relevant share acquired of the carrying value of net assets of the subsidiary is recorded in equity. Gains or losses on disposals to non-controlling interests are also recorded in equity.
(c) Disposal of subsidiaries
When the Group ceases to have control any retained interest in the entity is re-measured to its fair value at the date when control is lost, with the change in carrying amount recognised in profit or loss. The fair value is the initial carrying amount for the purposes of subsequently accounting for the retained interest as an associate, joint venture or financial asset. In addition, any amounts previously recognised in other comprehensive income in respect of that entity are accounted for as if the Group had directly disposed of the related assets or liabilities. This may mean that amounts previously recognised in other comprehensive income are reclassified to profit or loss.
(d) Associates and joint ventures
Associates are all entities over which the Group and the Company has significant influence but not control, generally accompanying a shareholding of between 20% and 50% of the voting rights. Investments in associates are accounted for using the equity method of accounting. Under the equity method, the investment is initially recognised at cost, and the carrying amount is increased or decreased to recognise the investor's share of the profit or loss of the investee after the date of acquisition. The Group and the Company's investment in associates includes goodwill identified on acquisition.
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