2025 half year report for Euronext Paris

INVIBES ADVERTISING N.V.

REIGERSTRAAT 8 - 9000 - GAND (Zwijnaarde) - Belgium GENT (GENT - GAND), 0836 533 938

(Hereafter "INVIBES", the "Group" or the "Company") https://www.invibes.com/

HALF-YEAR FINANCIAL REPORT 30 JUNE 2025

Euronext GROWTHTM

TABLE OF CONTENT

1. HALF-YEAR MANAGEMENT REPORT 3

2. CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 7

   1. HALF-YEAR MANAGEMENT REPORT

Half year results 2025:

Decline in revenue amid strategic refocusing on key European markets

In the first half of 2025, Invibes generated consolidated revenue of €10.0 million, down 15.1% compared to the same period last year, restated1.

This change reflects a market environment that remains complex, marked by increased competition and persistent caution among advertisers in their budget decisions. It also comes during a period of strategic refocusing, during which the Group has begun to streamline its geographic footprint, with the gradual closure of so-called "start-up" markets in order to concentrate its resources and investments on its main European hubs.

These measures have been accompanied by organizational changes, with a net reduction of approximately 50 full-time equivalents out of a total workforce of 180 employees.

They aim to strengthen the Group's operational resilience, consolidate its economic fundamentals, and accelerate its transition to a structurally profitable and cash-flow generating model.

At the same time, Invibes continued to deploy differentiating technological solutions, leveraging generative artificial intelligence to enhance the advertising effectiveness of its clients.

2025 half-year results not yet including the effects of rationalization measures

The half-year results do not yet reflect all of the expected benefits of the refocusing and cost optimization measures.

‌1After review by the Statutory Auditors, and in order to comply with current accounting rules, the deconsolidation of ML2Grow will only be effective from 1 April 2024. However, for comparison purposes and to reflect the new economic perimeter, sales for the first half of 2024 have been restated for ML2Grow.

‌2REBITDA: Current EBITDA, i.e., operating income before depreciation, provisions, and non-recurring expenses, as explained in Note 1.3 - Principal Activities, of the financial statements for the first half of 2025.

Recurring EBITDA (REBITDA) was down €2.1 million for the half-year. After accounting for non-recurring expenses, EBITDA came in at €2.2 million, compared with €1.7 million in the first half of 2024.

The EBITDA margin for active markets, before integration of central costs, remains solid at 11% of revenue, reflecting the underlying potential of these markets.

After taking into account depreciation and amortization, Invibes posted an operating loss of

€3.2 million and a net loss of €3.4 million.

A solid balance sheet structure to support growth and innovation

As of June 30, 2025, gross cash amounted to €7.7 million (including €2.9 million in deconsolidated factoring) for net cash of €4.2 million. This financial robustness enables Invibes to continue investing in technological innovation and the commercial development of its European hubs.

Invibes Advertising is redefining the standards of digital advertising by placing AI at the heart of its strategy.

During the first six months of the year, Invibes accelerated its strategic shift towards generative artificial intelligence by placing it at the heart of its new generation of advertising solutions.

With Fusion, its proprietary solution based on generative AI, the Group aims to move beyond traditional display advertising and usher in a new era inspired by integrated, intelligent social ads, combining creative hyper-personalization with real-time media optimization.

This technological breakthrough enables brands to benefit from significantly higher attention rates, resulting in deeper engagement and a measurable impact on ad recall and conversion.

In a context where budgets are shifting massively towards social ads, Invibes is positioning itself as a differentiating and key player in the transformation of the digital advertising market.

On this occasion, Nicolas Pollet and Kris Vlaemynck, co-CEOs of Invibes, stated:

"This first half of the year marks a key milestone in Invibes' transformation. The refocusing on our European hubs consolidates our fundamentals, while the integration of generative AI enriches our proprietary platform and broadens the range of solutions we offer. With the rollout

of a new generation of AI-based advertising inspired by social ads within our offering, we are providing brands with more immersive formats, significantly higher attention rates, and measurable advertising effectiveness. This strategic evolution places Invibes in a unique position to meet market expectations and generate sustainable value for both our clients and our shareholder."

Invibes Annual Report June 30th, 2025 2

Callens, Vandelanotte & Theunissen is a member of Crowe Global, a Swiss verein. Each member firm of Crowe Global is a separate and independent legal entity. Callens, Vandelanotte & Theunissen and its affiliates are not responsible or liable for any acts or omissions of Crowe Global or any other member of Crowe Global. Crowe Global does not render any professional services and does not have an ownership or partnership interest in Callens, Vandelanotte & Theunissen.

© 2023 Callens, Vandelanotte & Theunissen

I nvihes A ni1u al Report 0une 30t h, 2025

REPORT ON THE WORK PERFORMED

We have prepared the consolidated financial statements of INVIBES ADVEhTISTNG NV. These consolidated financial statements include the statement of financial position of INVIBES ADVERTISING NV as of June 30, 2025, the income, the statement of comprehensive inccme, the statement of changes in equity, and the statement of cash flows for the year ended on thct date.

These consolidated financial statements are attached to the present report on the work oerformed.

They were prepared using the accounts of the parenl company nnd information piovided by the services of

the Group. If a separate reference is not made, all amounts are stated in thousands of euros. The attached consolidated financial statements are characterized by the fol1owing data:

Brussels,

Callens, Vandelanot te & Theunissen BV Member of Crowe Global

Represented by

Mathias Roef

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET 5

CONSOLIDATED INCOME STATEMENT 6

COMPREHENSIVE INCOME 7

STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY 8

CASH FLOW STATEMENT 10

1. GENERAL INFORMATION 14

   1. General information, statement of compliance with IFRS and going concern assumption 14

   2. New or revised standards or interpretations 14

2. ACCOUNTING POLICIES 17

   1. Basis of preparation 17

   2. Basis of consolidation 17

   3. Scope of the consolidation level 17

   4. Translation of accounts and operations in a foreign currency 20

   5. Goodwill 22

   6. Other intangible assets 22

   7. Property, plant and equipment 23

   8. Right-of-use assets 24

   9. Financial assets 24

   10. Accounts receivable 24

   11. Other current assets 25

   12. Cash and cash equivalents 25

   13. Equity, reserves and dividend payments 25

   14. Financial liabilities 26

   15. Financial instruments 26

   16. Lease liabilities 27

   17. Provisions 27

   18. Pension liabilities 28

   19. Share-based employee remuneration 28

   20. Revenue 28

   21. Taxes 29

   22. Earnings per share 30

   23. Determining accounting estimates and judgements 30

3. NOTES ON THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 33

   1. Operating segment information 33

   2. Notes on the consolidated balance sheet 35

   3. Notes on consolidated income statement 53

4. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION 59

   1. Remuneration of the statutory auditor 59

   2. Off-balance sheet commitments 59

   3. Related parties 60

   4. Risk factors 61

   5. Events after closing 62

Consolidated balance sheet

Consolidated income statement

Comprehensive income

Statement of changes in equity

Cu translation

adjust

EQUITY AT 01/01/2024

28.693

-7.352

-247

Income at 31/12/2024

Net losses/incomes registered as equity

-137 -11 -148 -148

31/12/2024

30/06/2025

Net losses/incomes registered as equity

248 248 248

Total registered expenses and income

248 -3.375 -3.126 -11 -3.137

30/06/2025

Financial year 2025

The capital was decreased on 20th of June 2025 by K€ 14.892 without destruction of shares to compensate for the retained losses from the past.

The loss of the period up until end of June 2025 amounts to K€ -3.375.

Together with the capital increase of April 20th, 2021, Invibes Advertising NV had been granted an irrevocable right to purchase a total of 526.324 shares from the participants in the capital increase. Invibes Advertising NV had the option to use the call in 2023 and 2024 but did not exercise the call. Therefore the treasure shares were reversed in 2025.

Financial year 2024

A conversion of warrants was affected on the 17th of May 2024 which caused an increase of capital by K€ 230 and an additional creation of 90.130 shares.

As a result of this transaction, total capital amounts to K€ 28.922, represented by 4.566.678 shares at the end of December 2024.

Additionally, a new stock option program has been set up in the first semester of 2024. This equity-settled share-based payment transaction amounts to K€ 265 and is recognized as an expense in profit and loss (personnel expenses) with a corresponding credit to consolidated reserves.

On 15 March 2024 the company has signed a sales and purchase agreement thus selling the 62,33% interest in ML2GROW to the other non-controlling minority shareholders of ML2GROW. This date is considered the date of exit from the consolidation scope for ML2GROW. The impact of this exit on minority interests is a decrease of k€ 3.

The profit of the period 2024 amounts to K€ -6.604.

Cash flow statement

NOTES ON THE CASH FLOW STATEMENT

CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES

Amortizations on intangible assets amount to K€ 710 as of June 30th 2025 compared to K€ 1.101 as of December 2024. Depreciations on property, plant and equipment amounts to K€ 43 as of June 2025 compared to K€ 75 in 2024. Depreciations on right-of-use assets amounts to K€ 184 in June 2025 compared to K€ 384 in December 2024. The impairment of goodwill amounted to K€ 1.998 in 2024, there was no further goodwill to impair in 2025.

The non cash financial income mainly concerns the unrealized gains on other investments (monetary funds and government bonds).

In 2024 there were share based compensations for staff and board members for an amount of K€ 265. There were none in 2025.

The result on sale of discontinued operations (ML2GROW) was K€ 297 loss in 2024.

INCREASE/DECREASE (-) IN WORKING CAPITAL

Cash flows are affected by the increase/decrease (-) in working capital.

The change in working capital requirement in 2025 of K€ -38 is mainly the result of lower debt versus the factoring compared to the end of 2024

The change in working capital requirement in 2024 of K€ 1.880 is mainly the result of decreasing trade receivables, partially compensated by decreasing trade payables.

CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES

During financial year 2025, the investments in property, plant and equipment amount to K€ 44. Investments in software amount to K€ 970. The main investments of the year were further developments and new features to the already existing Invibes Platform. These have been capitalized on a cost principle basis.

Furthermore, the company obtained and received repayments of other investments: several new government bonds and monetary funds have been purchased and recovered in 2025 for a total net recovered amount of K€ 3.156. The government bonds concern short-term investments.

During financial year 2024, the investments in property, plant and equipment amount to K€ 147. Investments in software amount to K€ 2.030. The main investments of the year were further developments and new features to the already existing Invibes Platform. These have been capitalized on a cost principle basis.

Furthermore, the company obtained other investments in 2023: several government bonds and monetary funds have been purchased for a total of K€ 14.041, of which K€ 1.000 has been recovered during the year. The government bonds concern a short-term investment and expire all during the first quarter of 2024.

CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES

Cash flows from financing activities in 2025 consist mainly of:

• a new loan for K€ 347,

• the repayment of interest-bearing financial liabilities amounting to K€ 771,

• the repayment of IFRS 16 lease liabilities amounting to K€ 193.

• interest paid of K€ 212

  Cash flows from financing activities in 2024 consist mainly of:

• a conversion of warrants of K€ 230,

• the repayment of interest-bearing financial liabilities amounting to K€ 2.232,

• commitment to a new IFRS 16 lease liability amounting to K€ 374,

• the repayment of IFRS 16 lease liabilities amounting to K€ 399.

• interest paid of K€ 172

TOTAL CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS

In 2025, cash and cash equivalents decreased by K€ 1.137 to K€ -16 at the end of June 2025, mainly caused by the result of the year, compensated by the net proceeds from investments in short term government bonds and monetary funds.

In 2024, cash and cash equivalents decreased by K€ 744 to K€ 1.127 at yearend 2024, mainly caused by the repayment of financial liabilities, compensated by the net proceeds from investments in short term government bonds and monetary funds.

1. GENERAL INFORMATION

   1. General information, statement of compliance with IFRS and going concern assumption

      INVIBES ADVERTISING NV is a technology company that specializes in digital advertising. The Company solutions are supported by an in-feed format which is integrated into media content. Invibes is inspired by social network advertising and develops its own technology to help brands better communicate with consumers.

      The company INVIBES ADVERTISING NV, head of the group, is a Belgian limited liability company. Its headquarters are located at the Technologiepark 82 bus 26, 9052 Ghent, Belgium. Its identification number is BE 0836.533.938.

      The consolidated financial statements for the period ended June 30th, 2025 (including comparatives) were released for publication by the Board of Directors on September 25th, 2025.

      In accordance with the provisions of the Belgian Code of Companies and Associations (CCA), specifically Article 3:32, Invibes Advertising NV is not required to prepare consolidated financial statements, as it does not meet the criteria that trigger the obligation to consolidate. Furthermore, the company is not considered an entity of public interest as defined by the CCA and applicable Belgian regulations. However Invibes Advertising Nv has chosen to provide these consolidated financial statements. Consequently, these financial statements are unaudited.

      The shares of INVIBES ADVERTISING NV are listed on the Euronext Growth Paris market under code ISN BE097299316. Shares are not listed on any other market.

      The financial statements were prepared in accordance with the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), the standards for financial reporting and the interpretations issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), as approved by the European Union, and the interpretations issued by the International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee (IFRIC) of the IASB. They have been prepared under the assumption the Group operates on a going concern basis.

      The going concern assumption was challenged, taken into account:

      The situation as of June 30th, 2025 of realizable net assets and current liabilities,

      Cash forecasts for the Company and its subsidiaries for the 12 months following closing.

      The Board of Directors, after having examined these various elements, estimated that the company will be able to meet its cash requirements until June 3Oth, 2025 at least, and consequently that the consolidated accounts should be prepared on a going concern basis.

      The consolidated accounts are expressed in thousands of euros (KEUR) unless otherwise specified.

   2. New or revised standards or interpretations

      During the current financial year, the company applied all published new and revised standards and interpretations that are relevant to its activities and which are in force for the accounting period that started

      on January 1st, 2025, as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee (IFRIC) of the IASB.

      For the preparation of the financial statements on June 30th, 2025 the group applied the rules and interpretations mandatory applicable from January 1st, 2025.

      Amendments to IAS 21 Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange rates: lack of exchangeability

      The application of the other new Standards, Interpretations and Changes has not resulted in any important changes to the group's principles for financial reporting.

      Management anticipates that all relevant pronouncements will be adopted for the first period beginning on or after the effective date of the pronouncement. New Standards, amendments and Interpretations not adopted in the current year have not been disclosed as they are not expected to have a material impact on the Group's consolidated financial statements.

      
      
      
      
      
      

2. ACCOUNTING POLICIES

   1. Basis of preparation

      The group's financial statements have been prepared on an accruals basis and under the historical cost convention. Any exceptions to this historical cost convention will be disclosed.

      The consolidated financial statements of the Company as of June 30th, 2025, include the financial statements of Invibes Advertising NV, the Parent company, and its subsidiaries. All companies together constitute the "Invibes Group". The consolidated financial statements are prepared before appropriation of the result of the parent company as proposed to the General Meeting of Shareholders.

   2. Basis of consolidation

      The Group's financial statements consolidate those of the parent company and all of its subsidiaries as of June 3Oth 2025. All subsidiaries have a reporting date of 30th June.

      All transactions and balances between Group companies are eliminated for consolidation purposes, including unrealised gains and losses on transactions between Group companies. Where unrealised losses on intra-group asset sales are reversed for consolidation, the underlying asset is also tested for impairment from a Group's perspective. Amounts reported in the financial statements of subsidiaries have been adjusted where necessary to ensure consistency with the accounting policies adopted by the Group.

      Profit or loss and other comprehensive income of subsidiaries acquired or disposed of during the year are recognised from the effective date of acquisition, or up to the effective date of disposal, as applicable. The Group attributes total comprehensive income or loss of subsidiaries between the owners of the parent and the non-controlling interests based on their respective ownership interests.

   3. Scope of the consolidation level

      In accordance with IFRS 10, subsidiaries are all controlled entities. Control, regardless of the level of controlling interest held in an entity, is the result of the following three components:

      • having power to direct the relevant activities that significantly affects the investee's returns,

      • having exposure, or rights, to variable returns from its involvement in the investee,

      • having the ability to use its power over the investee to affect the amount of the investor's returns.

        Only substantive rights, as conferred by shareholders' agreements, which can be exercised when decisions on relevant activities have to be made and which are not purely protective, are taken into account for the determination of power. The financial statements of subsidiaries are included in the consolidated financial statements from the date on which control is obtained until the date on which control ceases.

        Joint ventures are partnerships in which the Invibes Group and the other parties involved exercise contractually agreed joint control over the entity and have rights to its net assets.

        Associates are entities in which the Group exercises significant influence: Invibes Group has the power to participate in financial and operational policy decisions, however without exercising joint control or control.

        Significant influence is presumed when the Group holds, directly or indirectly, 20% or more of the voting power of the investee.

        The consolidation methods used are:

      • Full consolidation method for subsidiary companies over which the Invibes group exercises control. Within consolidated equity, the share of minority interests in the equity of consolidated subsidiaries is presented as a separate item, as in the income statement and in the statement of comprehensive income.

      • The equity method for joint ventures and associates. This method consists in retaining in the consolidated financial statements the share of shareholders' equity corresponding to the percentage held by the Invibes Group. If the Invibes Group's share in the losses of an equity-accounted entity is greater than its interest in it, then the Invibes Group's share is reduced to zero. Additional losses are subject to a provision if the Invibes Group has a legal or implicit obligation in this regard.

      The list of companies fully consolidated and accounted for using the equity method is presented below:

      Entity	Address	Identification number	% interest	Method
      Invibes Advertising	Technologiepark 82 bus 26 9052 Ghent	BE 0836.533.938	Consolidating entity
      Invibes Services Srl	Str. Grigore Cobălcescu 46, 010196 Camera 7, Etaj 2, Sector 1 Bucharest	RO30562825	100,00%	FC
      Invibes Advertising SAS	12 Rue du Roche 75008 Paris	FR5374500140	100,00%	FC
      Invibes Advertising Inc.	1177 Avenue of the York NY 10036	6020943	100,00%	FC
      Invibes Spain SL	Paseo de la Castellana 137, 28046 Madrid 4a planta	B37563434	100,00%	FC
      Invibes Advertising AG	Steuerberatungsgesellschaft 80333 München Theaterinenerstraße 45	DE320810302	99,12%	FC
      Invibes Switzerland AG	Langstrasse 11 8004 Zürich	CHE-302.303.944	98,40%	FC
      Invibes Finance SA	Place de Paris 2314	B42153	100,00%	FC
      Invibes Italy srl	Via Giosue Carducci 31 20123 Milano	IT1091916969	100,00%	FC
      Invibes Advertising UK Ltd.	5 Underwood Street N1 7LY London	GB 330 1273 54	100,00%	FC
      Invibes Benelux BV	Prins Boudewijnlaan 5 bus 2550 Kontich 10	BE 0747.591.173	100,00%	FC
      Invibes Netherlands BV	KNSM-laan 171 1019LC Amsterdam	NL861951438B01	100,00%	FC
      Invibes SAAS OÜ	Sopruse pst 145, Kristiine 13417 Talinn district Harju county	EE 102307368	100,00%	FC
      Invibes Nordic AB	c/o Leionen, Sankt 112 34 Eriksgaten 63B Stockholm	5593314-9254	100,00%	FC
      Invibes Norway AS	Arbins Gate 4 0253 Oslo	928094251	100,00%	FC
      Invibes Advertising FZ-LC	SEO100 Bldg 08-CO Work Dubai	100559210800003	100,00%	FC
      Invibes Advertising South Africa (PTY)	10 Buffalo Road, Gallo Manor Sandton 2196 Gauteng	4690300811	100,00%	FC
      Ltd.
      Invibes Poland	Ul. Pzyokopowa 33 01-208 Warsaw	PL5272966038	100,00%	FC
      Invibes Central Europe*	Ovocny trh 1096/8, Stare 11000 Praha Mesto	1421676	100,00%	FC
      Adspark GmbH	Steuerberatungsgesellschaft 80333 München Theaterinenerstraße 45	HRB 273516	100,00%	FC
      Invibes Bucharest Services SRL	Str. Grigore Cobălcescu 46, 010196 Camera 7, Etaj 2, Sector 1 Bucharest		100,00%	FC
      Invibes Singapore	Coolyer Quay 11, The Arcade 049317	202410109N	100,00%	FC
      PTE Ltd.	Singapore
      FC: Full Integration, EQ: Equity method

      Americas, 7th Floor New

      * Invibes Central Europe was liquidated per 31/05/2025

      The closing date of all companies within scope is June 30th.

      The Group does not hold any other entity who are left out of the consolidation scope.

      1. Entry in the consolidation scope

         None

      2. Exit from the consolidation scope

         • Liquidation of Invibes Denmark aps

         • Liquidation of Invibes Dijital Reklamcilik VE Ticaret anonim Sirketi

         • Invibes Central Europe was liquidated per 31/05/2025

           There were no other exits from the consolidation scope during the financial year.

   4. Translation of accounts and operations in a foreign currency

      1. Translation of financial statements of the foreign subsidiaries

         The accounting currency of foreign subsidiaries is their functional currency.

         Assets and liabilities of subsidiaries located outside the euro area are converted into euro using the exchange rate at closing date. Elements of income statement are translated into euro at the rate approaching the exchange rates at transaction date, or at the average rate of the reporting period if there are no important fluctuations in the rate. Equity is presented at historical rate. Exchange rate differences resulting from translations are presented in the translation reserves in equity until the date of exit from the consolidation scope.

      2. Translation of transactions denominated in a foreign currency

         Transactions denominated in foreign currencies are translated at the current foreign exchange rate at the date of the transaction.

         At closing date, the monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated at the closing foreign exchange rate. The resulting foreign exchange rate differences are recognized as foreign exchange gains or losses in the income statement for the transactions linked to the activity.

         The functional currency of foreign subsidiaries is the local currency.

         2.4.3	Foreign exchange rates used for the preparation of the consolidated accounts
         The below mentioned rates are euro against foreign currency rates.
         Euro against foreign currencies rate	AED	CHF	CZK	DKK	GBP	NOK	SG
         Closing rate
         31/12/2023	4,0193	0,9308	24,6508	7,4571	0,8627	11,2867
         31/12/2024	3,777	0,938	25,24	7,4627	0,8427	11,709	1,407
         30/06/2025	4,338	0,9312	24,699		0,8571	11,8203	1,501
         Average rate
         01/2024 - 06/2024	3,9607	0,9692	25,1200	7,4590	0,8508	11,6414
         01/2024 - 12/2024	3,945	0,9526	25,152	7,459	0,8437	11,7000	1,4401
         01/2025 - 06/2025	4,1214	0,9381	24,888		0,8449	11,6822	1,465
         Euro against foreign currencies rate	PLN	RON	SEK	TRY	USD	ZAR
         Closing rate
         30/06/2024	4,2955	4,9702	11,6822	35,5872	1,0848	19,8728
         31/12/2024	4,219	4,9749	11,494	36,496	1,287	19,406
         30/06/2025	4,240	5,076	11,1358		1,01813	20,781
         Average rate
         01/2024 - 06/2024	4,3073	4,9699	11,4899	34,8635	1,0782	20,1464
         01/2024 - 12/2024	4,2979	4,9707	11,4722	34,8635	1,0739	19,739
         01/2025 - 06/2025	4,2331	5,024	11,0233		1,122	20,3777

   5. Goodwill

      All business combinations are measured and recognised in accordance with the revised IFRS 3.

      The consideration transferred (acquisition cost) is measured at the fair value of the assets delivered, issued equity and liabilities incurred at the date of acquisition. Costs directly attributable to the acquisition are expensed.

      The group uses the full goodwill method, which is the difference between the sum of the acquisition cost of the business combination and the fair value of the minority interests, and the net amount of the assets.

      Assets and liabilities are assumed measured at fair value at acquisition date.

      Goodwill is determined at the acquisition date of the acquired entity and is not subject to any subsequent adjustment beyond the measurement period; the subsequent acquisition of non-controlled interests does not give rise to the recognition of additional goodwill.

      Accounting for a business combination must be completed within 12 months of the acquisition date. This period applies to the valuation of identifiable assets and liabilities, the consideration transferred and uncontrolled interest.

      If the fair value of the identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities recognised exceeds the cost of an acquisition, the difference is immediately recognised in the income statement.

      Goodwill is tested for impairment annually or more frequently if events or changes indicate that the carrying amount of the goodwill may have been impaired. When an impairment loss is recognised, the difference between the carrying amount and its recoverable amount is recognised as an operating expense on the "asset impairment" line and is irreversible.

      Goodwill is allocated to the relevant cash-generating unit for purpose of impairment testing.

   6. Other intangible assets

      1. Internally developed software

         Expenditures during the research phase of projects to develop new customized software for IT and telecommunication systems is recognised as an expense as incurred. Costs that are directly attributable to a project's development phase are capitalized as intangible assets, provided they meet all of the following recognition requirements:

         • the development costs can be measured reliably,

         • the project is technically and commercially feasible,

         • the Group intends to and has sufficient resources to complete the project,

         • the Group has the ability to use or sell the software, and

         • the software will generate probable future economic benefits.

           Development costs not meeting these criteria for capitalization are expensed as incurred. Directly attributable costs include employee costs incurred on software development along with an appropriate portion of relevant overheads and borrowing costs.

      2. External purchased software and other intangible assets

         The intangible assets acquired by Invibes Group are recognized at cost.

      3. Subsequent measurement

         All intangible assets with a finite useful life, including capitalized internally developed software, are accounted for using the cost model whereby capitalized costs are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. Residual values and useful lives are reviewed at each reporting date. The following useful lives are applied:

         • Software: 5 years

         • Other intangible assets: 5 years

           At each reporting date, the group reviews whether there is any indication that assets may be impaired. The impairment is recognised directly in the income statement. If a previously recorded impairment is no longer justified, the impairment is reversed.

           When an intangible asset is disposed of, the gain or loss on disposal is determined as the difference between the proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset, and is recognised in profit or loss within other operating expenses.

   7. Property, plant and equipment

      In accordance with IAS 16, only the elements whose cost can be determined in a reliable way and for whose it is likely the future economic benefits will benefit to the group are registered as tangible assets.

      Property, plant and equipment are initially recognised at acquisition cost or manufacturing cost, including any costs directly attributable to bringing the assets to the location and condition necessary for them to be capable of operating in the manner intended by the Invibes Group's management.

      The different components of a tangible asset are registered separately when their estimated useful life, and therefore their depreciation period, are significantly different. Depreciation is recognised on a straight-line basis to write down the cost less estimated residual value. The following useful lives are applied:

      Nature Depreciation period

      Equipment 5 years

      Other tangible assets 2 to 5 years

      These depreciation periods are reviewed and modified in case of a significant change; these changes are applied prospectively.

      At each reporting date, the group reviews whether there is any indication that assets may be impaired. The impairment is recognised directly in the income statement. If a previously recorded impairment is no longer justified, the impairment is reversed.

      Gains or losses arising from the disposal of property, plant and equipment are determined as the difference between the disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the assets and are recognised in profit or loss within other operating expenses.

   8. Right-of-use assets

      At lease commencement date, the Invibes Group recognises a right-of-use asset and a lease liability in its consolidated statement of financial position. The right-of-use asset is measured at cost, which consists of the initial measurement of the lease liability, any initial direct costs incurred by the Group, an estimate of any costs to dismantle and remove the asset at the end of the lease, and any lease payments made in advance of the lease commencement date (net of any incentives received).

      The Invibes Group depreciates the right-of-use asset on a straight-line basis from the lease commencement date to the earlier of the end of the useful life of the right-of-use asset or the end of the lease term. The Group also assesses the right-of-use asset for impairment when such indicators exist.

   9. Financial assets

      Financial assets include deposits and securities, receivables related to non-consolidated participating interests and the other receivables. They are valued at their historical value.

      When their value is lower than their probable recovery value, an impairment is recorded.

   10. Accounts receivable

The accounts receivables include the invoices related to service delivery contracts according to the following principles.

The invoiced receivables are estimated at their fair value when they are initially registered. They are the subject of an impairment according to their probability of recovery if necessary.

The group enters into debt factoring contracts with external factor companies. As a result, part of the trade receivables portfolio is recurrently sold to the factor company.