2025Q3 Financial Results Cathay Financial Holdings Financial Statement (Consolidated)

The Board of Directors and Shareholders Cathay Financial Holding Co., Ltd.

We have reviewed the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Cathay Financial Holding Co., Ltd. and its subsidiaries (collectively, the "Group") as of September 30, 2025 and 2024, the related consolidated statements of comprehensive income for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 and for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the consolidated statements of changes in equity and cash flows for the nine months then ended, and the related notes to the consolidated financial statements, including material accounting policy information (collectively referred to as the "consolidated financial statements"). Management is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of the consolidated financial statements in accordance with the Regulations Governing the Preparation of Financial Reports by Financial Holding Companies, Regulations Governing the Preparation of Financial Reports by Insurance Enterprises, Regulations Governing the Preparation of Financial Reports by Securities Firms, Regulations Governing the Preparation of Financial Reports by Futures Commission Merchants, Regulations Governing the Preparation of Financial Reports by Public Banks and International Accounting Standard 34 "Interim Financial Reporting" endorsed and issued into effect by the Financial Supervisory Commission of the Republic of China. Our responsibility is to express a conclusion on the consolidated financial statements based on our reviews.

We conducted our reviews in accordance with the Standards on Review Engagements of the Republic of China 2410 "Review of Interim Financial Information Performed by the Independent Auditor of the Entity". A review of consolidated financial statements consists of making inquiries, primarily of persons responsible for financial and accounting matters, and applying analytical and other review procedures. A review is substantially less in scope than an audit and consequently does not enable us to obtain assurance that we would become aware of all significant matters that might be identified in an audit. Accordingly, we do not express an audit opinion.

Based on our reviews, nothing has come to our attention that caused us to believe that the accompanying consolidated financial statements do not present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of the Group as of September 30, 2025 and 2024, its consolidated financial performance for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, and its consolidated financial performance and its consolidated cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, in accordance with the Regulations Governing the Preparation of Financial Reports by Financial Holding Companies, Regulations Governing the Preparation of Financial Reports by Insurance Enterprises, Regulations Governing the Preparation of Financial Reports by Securities Firms, Regulations Governing the Preparation of Financial Reports by Futures Commission Merchants, Regulations Governing the Preparation of Financial Reports by Public Banks and International Accounting Standard 34 "Interim Financial Reporting" endorsed and issued into effect by the Financial Supervisory Commission of the Republic of China.

The engagement partners on the reviews resulting in this independent auditors' review report are Shu-Wan Lin and Shiuh-Ran Cheng.

Deloitte & Touche Taipei, Taiwan Republic of China

November 13, 2025

Notice to Readers

The accompanying consolidated financial statements are intended only to present the consolidated financial position, financial performance and cash flows in accordance with accounting principles and practices generally accepted in the Republic of China and not those of any other jurisdictions. The standards, procedures and practices to review such consolidated financial statements are those generally applied in the Republic of China.

For the convenience of readers, the independent auditors' review report and the accompanying consolidated financial statements have been translated into English from the original Chinese version prepared and used in the Republic of China. If there is any conflict between the English version and the original Chinese version or any difference in the interpretation of the two versions, the Chinese-language independent auditors' review report and consolidated financial statements shall prevail.

- 3 -

INTEREST INCOME (Notes 4

and 30) $ 83,153,689 70 $ 83,896,555 88 $ 250,417,575 100 $ 244,959,061 86

INTEREST EXPENSE (Notes 4

and 30) (17,976,343) (15) (17,249,994) (18) (52,302,410) (21) (50,134,590) (17)

NET INTEREST INCOME 65,177,346 55 66,646,561 70 198,115,165 79 194,824,471 69

NET INCOME AND GAINS OTHER THAN INTEREST INCOME

Net gain on service fee and commission fee (Notes 4, 25,

27 and 30) 3,610,456 3 3,988,000 4 11,920,945 5 11,416,692 4

Net gain (loss) on insurance operations (Notes 4, 27

and 30) 18,609,082 16 (8,944,754) (9) 9,018,851 4 (35,906,460) (13)

Gain on financial assets and liabilities at fair value through profit or loss

(Notes 4 and 7) 44,672,411 37 105,627,222 110 210,474,979 84 50,369,755 18

Gain on investment properties

(Notes 4, 15 and 30) 3,848,685 3 2,959,641 3 17,408,121 7 11,337,995 4

Realized gain on financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income

(Note 4) 5,559,472 5 6,172,091 6 8,761,341 4 8,341,706 3

Net (loss) gain on derecognition of financial assets at amortized cost

(Notes 4 and 9) (137,250) - (667,979) (1) 1,907,231 1 (584,414) -

Foreign exchange gain (loss)

(Note 4) 61,428,781 51 (81,252,626) (85) (228,709,926) (92) 98,911,628 35

Impairment loss on assets

(Note 4) (179,483) - (157,320) - (646,646) - (1,143,101) (1)

Share of profit of associates and joint ventures accounted for using the equity method

(Notes 4 and 14) 722,389 1 663,844 1 2,258,973 1 1,706,593 -

(Loss) gain on reclassification using the overlay approach

(Notes 4 and 7) (85,440,531) (72) 4,955,752 5 31,044,015 12 (34,779,187) (12)

Net other non-interest gain

(loss) (Note 30) 1,062,537 1 (4,195,445) (4) (11,773,632) (5) (20,617,546) (7)

PROFIT FROM OPERATIONS 118,933,895 100 95,794,987 100 249,779,417 100 283,878,132 100

NET CHANGES IN INSURANCE LIABILITY

RESERVE (Notes 23 and 27) (59,572,568) (50) (26,762,084) (28) (80,356,908) (32) (79,890,071) (28)

PROVISION FOR BAD DEBT, COMMITMENTS AND

GUARANTEE RESERVE (2,491,063) (2) (2,160,747) (2) (4,948,860) (2) (6,364,277) (2)

OPERATING EXPENSES

(Notes 27 and 30)

Employee benefit expenses (15,553,183) (13) (14,983,458) (16) (46,878,847) (19) (44,447,618) (16)

Depreciation and amortization

expenses (2,164,724) (2) (2,053,450) (2) (6,412,319) (2) (6,111,649) (2)

Other general and

administrative expenses (10,097,004) (9) (9,491,795) (10) (28,994,918) (12) (26,011,470) (9)

Total operating expenses (27,814,911) (24) (26,528,703) (28) (82,286,084) (33) (76,570,737) (27)

(Continued)

PROFIT BEFORE INCOME TAX FROM CONTINUING OPERATIONS

INCOME TAX EXPENSE

(Notes 4 and 28)

NET PROFIT FROM CONTINUING OPERATIONS

GAIN FROM DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS (Note 11)

NET INCOME

OTHER COMPREHENSIVE

INCOME (Notes 4 and 28)

Items that will not be reclassified subsequently to profit or loss:

Remeasurement of defined benefit plans

Gain on equity instruments at fair value through other comprehensive income

Changes in the fair value attributable to changes in the credit risk of financial liabilities designated as at fair value through profit or

loss (88,290) - 263,775 - 282,872 - 739,487 -

Share of other comprehensive income of associates and joint ventures accounted for using the equity method for items that will not be reclassified subsequently

to profit or loss 97,271 - 389,423 - 245,598 - 216,395 -

Income tax relating to items that will not be reclassified subsequently to profit or loss (Notes 4

and 28) (387,573) - (383,272) - 159,253 - (475,021) -

Items that may be reclassified subsequently to profit or loss:

Exchange differences on translation of the financial statements of foreign operations

(Loss) gain on hedging instruments

Gain on debt instruments at fair value through other comprehensive income

(Continued)

TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE IN

NET INCOME A

O N

TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME ATTRIBUTABLE T

O N

EARNINGS PER SHARE

(Note 29)

From continuing operations and

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. (Concluded)

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY

(In Thousands of New Taiwan Dollars)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

- 7 -

September 30

September 30

Acquisition of financial assets at fair value through other

comprehensive income (24,074,520) (16,266,762)

Proceeds from disposal of financial assets at fair value through other

comprehensive income 22,637,675 14,486,508 Capital reduction and withdrawal of shares of financial assets at fair

Net cash used in investing activities (9,486,770) (20,286,618) (Continued)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. (Concluded)

1. GENERAL INFORMATION

   On December 31, 2001, Cathay Financial Holding Co., Ltd. (the "Company" or "Cathay Financial Holdings") was incorporated through a share swap with Cathay Life Insurance Co., Ltd. ("Cathay Life") pursuant to the Financial Holding Company Act, Company Act and related laws and regulations and Cathay Life became a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company. On the same day, Cathay Life's shares were delisted and the Company's shares have been listed on the Taiwan Stock Exchange.

   On April 22, 2002, Cathay Century Insurance Co., Ltd. ("Cathay Century") and Cathay Commercial Bank Co., Ltd. ("Cathay Bank") became wholly-owned subsidiaries of the Company through share swaps. On December 18, 2002, United World Chinese Commercial Bank Co., Ltd. ("UWCCB") also became a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company through a share swap. On October 27, 2003, UWCCB was merged with Cathay Bank in accordance with the Financial Institutions Merger Act and related laws and regulations; UWCCB was the surviving company and was re-named to Cathay United Bank Co., Ltd. ("Cathay United Bank"). The Company acquired all issued shares of Lucky Bank Inc. through a share swap on August 25, 2006. To expand its business scale and improve competitiveness, Cathay United Bank merged with Lucky Bank Inc. on January 1, 2007 and acquired specific assets, liabilities, and business of China United Trust & Investment Corporation on December 29, 2007.

   On May 12, 2004, the Company incorporated Cathay Securities Corporation ("Cathay Securities") as a wholly-owned subsidiary. Cathay Venture Inc. ("Cathay Venture") was incorporated on April 10, 2003; as resolved by the board of directors on August 10, 2009, Cathay Venture was merged with Cathay VC Inc., Cathay II NC Inc. and Cathay Capital Management Inc., in which Cathay Venture was the surviving company. On June 13, 2011, the Company was approved to acquire Cathay Securities Investment Trust Co., Ltd. ("Cathay Securities Investment Trust") by the Financial Supervisory Commission ("FSC") and acquired all issued shares of Cathay Securities Investment Trust by cash on June 24, 2011.

   Cathay Life participated in and won the bid for the takeover of the assets, liabilities and operations of Global Life Insurance Co., Ltd. ("Global Life") and Singfor Life Insurance Co., Ltd. ("Singfor Life"), which was held by the Taiwan Insurance Guaranty Fund. Cathay Life entered into the general assignment and assumption agreement on March 27, 2015. Cathay Life assumed all assets, liabilities and operations of Global Life and Singfor Life, except for their reserved assets and liabilities on July 1, 2015.

   Since July 29, 2003, the Company has listed a portion of its ordinary shares on the Luxembourg Stock Exchange in the form of Global Depositary Shares (GDSs). The Company's registered office and the main business location is at No. 296, Jen Ai Road, Section 4, Taipei, R.O.C. The Company is mainly engaged in the business of financial holding company.

   The consolidated financial statements are presented in the Company's functional currency, the New Taiwan dollars.

2. APPROVAL OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

   The consolidated financial statements were approved by the Company's board of directors and authorized for issue on November 13, 2025.

3. APPLICATION OF NEW, AMENDED AND REVISED STANDARDS AND INTERPRETATIONS

   1. Initial application of the amendments to the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), International Accounting Standards (IAS), IFRIC Interpretations (IFRIC), and SIC Interpretations (SIC) (collectively, the "IFRS Accounting Standards") endorsed and issued into effect by the Financial Supervisory Commission (FSC).

      Identification of related parties (expected to be applied from the consolidated financial statements for

      fiscal year 2025)

      In accordance with the IFRS Q&A "Identification of Related Parties" issued by the Accounting Research and Development Foundation (ARDF) in June 2025, the Group has reassessed its relationship with its managed funds to determine whether it exercises control or significant influence, or if it solely provides key management personnel services to them. As a result, the Group may revise the previous identification of related parties based on the IFRS Q&A issued by the ARDF in July 2013. The assessment is currently in progress. Furthermore, in accordance with the Q&A issued by the FSC, comparative information for the year 2024 does not need to be restated, which means the identified and disclosed related party relationships and transactions in prior financial statements are not required to be adjusted retrospectively.

   2. The IFRS Accounting Standards endorsed by the FSC for application starting from 2026

      New, Amended and Revised Standards and Interpretations

      Effective Date

      Announced by IASB

      Amendments to IFRS 9 and IFRS 7 "Amendments to the Classification and Measurement of Financial Instruments"

      Amendments to IFRS 9 and IFRS 7 "Contracts Referencing Nature-dependent Electricity"

      January 1, 2026

      January 1, 2026

      Annual Improvements to IFRS Accounting Standards - Volume 11 January 1, 2026

      IFRS 17 "Insurance Contracts" (including the 2020 and 2021 amendments to IFRS 17)

      January 1, 2023

      1. Amendments to IFRS 9 and IFRS 7 "Amendments to the Classification and Measurement of Financial Instruments"

         1. The amendments to the application guidance of classification of financial assets

            The amendments mainly amend the requirements for the classification of financial assets, including:

            1. If a financial asset contains a contingent feature that could change the timing or amount of contractual cash flows and the contingent event itself does not relate directly to changes in basic lending risks and costs (e.g., whether the debtor achieves a contractually specified reduction in carbon emissions), the financial asset has contractual cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding if, and only if,

               • In all possible scenarios (before and after the occurrence of a contingent event), the contractual cash flows are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding; and

               • In all possible scenarios, the contractual cash flows would not be significantly different from the contractual cash flows on a financial instrument with identical contractual terms, but without such a contingent feature.

            2. To clarify that a financial asset has non-recourse features if an entity's ultimate right to receive cash flows is contractually limited to the cash flows generated by specified assets.

            3. To clarify that the characteristics of contractually linked instruments include a prioritization of payments to the holders of financial assets using multiple contractually linked instruments (tranches) established through a waterfall payment structure, resulting in concentrations of credit risk and a disproportionate allocation of cash shortfalls from the underlying pool between the tranches.

         2. The amendments to the application guidance of derecognition of financial liabilities

            The amendments mainly stipulate that a financial liability is derecognized on the settlement date. However, when settling a financial liability in cash using an electronic payment system, the Group can choose to derecognize the financial liability before the settlement date if, and only if, the Group has initiated a payment instruction that resulted in:

            • The Group having no practical ability to withdraw, stop or cancel the payment instruction;

            • The Group having no practical ability to access the cash to be used for settlement as a result of the payment instruction; and

            • The settlement risk associated with the electronic payment system being insignificant.

            An entity shall apply the amendments retrospectively but is not required to restate prior periods. The effect of initially applying the amendments shall be recognized as an adjustment to the opening balance at the date of initial application. An entity may restate prior periods if, and only if, it is possible to do so without the use of hindsight.

      2. IFRS 17 "Insurance Contracts" and its amendments

         IFRS 17 sets out the accounting standards for insurance contracts and it will supersede IFRS 4. The main standards and amendments of IFRS 17 are as follows:

         Level of aggregation

         IFRS 17 requires the Group to identify portfolios of insurance contracts. A portfolio comprises contracts subject to similar risks and managed together. Contracts within a product line would be expected to have similar risks and hence would be expected to be in the same portfolio if they are managed together. The Group should divide a portfolio of insurance contracts issued into a minimum of:

         1. A group of contracts that are onerous at initial recognition;

         2. A group of contracts that at initial recognition have no significant possibility of becoming onerous subsequently; and

         3. A group of the remaining contracts in the portfolio.

            The Group should not include contracts issued more than one year apart in the same group, and the recognition and measurements of IFRS 17 should be applied to all identified groups of contracts.

            Recognition

            The Group should recognize a group of insurance contracts it issues from the earliest of the following:

            1. The beginning of the coverage period of the group of contracts;

            2. The date when the first payment from a policyholder in the group becomes due; and

            3. For a group of onerous contracts, when the group becomes onerous.

            Measurement on initial recognition

            On initial recognition, the Group should measure a group of insurance contracts at the total of the fulfilment cash flows and the contractual service margin. The fulfilment cash flows comprise estimates of future cash flows, an adjustment to reflect the time value of money and financial risk related to the future cash flows, and a risk adjustment for non-financial risk. The contractual service margin represents the unearned profit for the group of insurance contracts that the Group will recognize as it provides insurance contract services in the future. Unless a group of contracts is onerous, the Group should measure the contractual service margin on initial recognition of the group of insurance contracts at an amount that results in no income or expenses arising from:

            1. The initial recognition of an amount for the fulfilment cash flows;

            2. Any cash flows arising from the contracts in the group at that date; and

            3. The derecognition at the date of initial derecognition of:

               • Any assets for insurance acquisition cash flows;

               • Any other asset or liability previously recognized for cash flows related to the group of contracts.

            Subsequent measurement

            The carrying amount of a group of insurance contracts at the end of each reporting period should be the sum of the liability for remaining coverage and the liability for incurred claims. The liability for remaining coverage comprises the fulfilment cash flows related to future services and the contractual service margin; the liability for incurred claims comprises the fulfilment cash flows related to past services. If a group of insurance contracts becomes onerous (or more onerous) on subsequent measurement, the Group should recognize a loss immediately in profit or loss.

            Onerous contracts

            An insurance contract is onerous at the date of initial recognition if the fulfilment cash flows allocated to the contracts, any previously recognized insurance acquisition cash flows and any cash flows arising from the contract at the date of initial recognition in total are a net outflow. The Group should recognize a loss in profit or loss for the net outflow for the group of onerous contracts, resulting in the carrying amount of the liability for the group of onerous contracts being equal to the fulfilment cash flows and the contractual service margin of the group being zero. Before the loss previously recognized on the onerous group is reversed, the Group should not recognize contractual service margin or insurance revenue.

            Premium Allocation Approach (PAA)

            The Group may simplify the measurement of a group of insurance contracts using the PAA if, and only if, at the inception of the group:

            1. The Group reasonably expects that such simplification would produce a measurement of the liability for remaining coverage for the group that would not differ materially from the one that would be produced by applying the general measurement model; or

            2. The coverage period of each contract in the group is one year or less.

            At the inception of the group, if the Group expects significant variability in the fulfilment cash flows that would affect the measurement of the liability for remaining coverage during the period before a claim is incurred, the above-mentioned criterion a) is not met.

            Using the PAA, the liability for remaining coverage on initial recognition should be:

            1. The premiums received at initial recognition;

            2. Minus any insurance acquisition cash flows at that date; and

            3. Plus or minus any amount arising from the derecognition at that date of:

               • Any asset for insurance acquisition cash flows; and

               • Any other asset or liability previously recognized for cash flows related to the group of insurance contracts.

            Subsequently, the liability for remaining coverage should be adjusted as plus the premiums received and the amortization of insurance acquisition cash flows and minus the amount recognized as insurance revenue for services provided and any investment component paid or transferred to the liability for incurred claims in the period.

            Investment contracts with discretionary participation features

            An investment contract with discretionary participation features is a financial instrument and it does not include a transfer of significant insurance risk. An investment contract with discretionary participation features the Group issues should apply the requirements of IFRS 17 if the Group also issues insurance contracts.

            Modification and derecognition

            If the terms of an insurance contract are modified and any of the specific conditions is met, resulting in a substantive modification, the Group should derecognize the original contract and recognize the modified contract as a new contract.

            The Group shall derecognize an insurance contract when it is extinguished, or if any of the conditions of a substantive modification is met.

            Transition

            The Group shall apply IFRS 17 retrospectively unless it is impracticable, in which case the Group may choose to adopt the modified retrospective approach or the fair value approach.

            Under the modified retrospective approach, the Group should use reasonable and supportable information and maximize the use of information that would have been used to apply a full retrospective approach, but only need to use information available without undue cost or effort. If such reasonable and supportable information is unavailable, the Group should apply fair value approach.

            Under the fair value approach, the Group should determine the contractual service margin at the transition date as the difference between the fair value of a group of insurance contracts at that date and the fulfilment cash flows measured at that date.

            Redesignation of financial assets

            At the date of initial application of IFRS 17, an entity which had applied IFRS 9 may redesignate an eligible asset that meets the condition in paragraph C29 of IFRS 17. The entity is not required to restate the comparative information to reflect changes in the designation or classifications of these assets, and any difference between the previous carrying amount and the carrying amount at the date of initial application of these financial assets should be recognized in the opening retained earnings (or other component of equity, as appropriate) at the date of initial application. If the entity restates the comparative information, the restated financial statements must reflect all the requirements of IFRS 9 for those affected financial assets.

            In addition, an enterprise which had applied IFRS 9 before the initial application of IFRS 17 could apply the classification overlay on an individual basis to the financial assets that had been derecognized during the comparative period as if those financial assets had been redesignated in the comparative period in accordance with the redesignation requirements in paragraph C29 of IFRS 17.

            As of the date the consolidated financial statements were authorized for issue, the Group is continuously assessing the possible impact of the application of the amendments on the Group's financial position and financial performance and will disclose the relevant impact when the assessment is completed.

   3. The IFRS Accounting Standards in issue but not yet endorsed and issued into effect by the FSC

      New, Amended and Revised Standards and Interpretations

      Effective Date

      Announced by IASB (Note 1)

      Amendments to IFRS 10 and IAS 28 "Sale or Contribution of Assets between an Investor and its Associate or Joint Venture"

      To be determined by IASB

      IFRS 18 "Presentation and Disclosure in Financial Statements" January 1, 2027 (Note 2)

      IFRS 19 "Subsidiaries without Public Accountability: Disclosures" (including the 2025 amendments to IFRS 19)

      January 1, 2027

      Note 1: Unless stated otherwise, the above IFRS Accounting Standards are effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after their respective effective dates.

      Note 2: On September 25, 2025, the FSC announced that IFRS 18 will take effect starting from January 1, 2028. Domestic entities could elect to apply IFRS 18 for an earlier period after the endorsement of IFRS 18 by the FSC.

      IFRS 18 "Presentation and Disclosure in Financial Statements"

      IFRS 18 will supersede IAS 1 "Presentation of Financial Statements". The main changes comprise:

      • Items of income and expenses included in the statement of profit or loss shall be classified into the operating, investing, financing, income taxes and discontinued operations categories.

      • The statement of profit or loss shall present totals and subtotals for operating profit or loss, profit or loss before financing and income taxes and profit or loss.

      • Provides guidance to enhance the requirements of aggregation and disaggregation: The Group shall identify the assets, liabilities, equity, income, expenses and cash flows that arise from individual transactions or other events and shall classify and aggregate them into groups based on shared characteristics, so as to result in the presentation in the primary financial statements of line items that have at least one similar characteristic. The Group shall disaggregate items with dissimilar characteristics in the primary financial statements and in the notes. The Group labels items as "other" only if it cannot find a more informative label.

      • Disclosures on Management-defined Performance Measures (MPMs): When in public communications outside financial statements and communicating to users of financial statements management's view of an aspect of the financial performance of the Group as a whole, the Group shall disclose related information about its MPMs in a single note to the financial statements, including the description of such measures, calculations, reconciliations to the subtotal or total specified by IFRS Accounting Standards and the income tax and non-controlling interests effects of related reconciliation items.

      Except for the above impact, as of the date the consolidated financial statements were authorized for issue, the Group is continuously assessing the other impacts of the application of other standards and interpretations on the Group's financial position and financial performance and will disclose the relevant impact when the assessment is completed.

4. SUMMARY OF MATERIAL ACCOUNTING POLICY INFORMATION Statement of Compliance

   These interim consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the Regulations Governing the Preparation of Financial Reports by Financial Holding Companies, Regulations Governing the Preparation of Financial Statements by Insurance Enterprises, Guidelines Governing the Preparation of Financial Reports by Public Banks, Guidelines Governing the Preparation of Financial Statements by Securities Firms, Regulations Governing the Preparation of Financial Reports by Futures Commission Merchants and IAS 34 "Interim Financial Reporting" as endorsed and issued into effect by the FSC. Disclosure information included in these interim consolidated financial statements is less than the disclosure information required in a complete set of annual consolidated financial statements.

   Basis of Preparation

   The consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the historical cost basis except for financial instruments and investment properties which are measured at fair value, and net defined benefit liabilities (assets) which are measured at the fair value of plan assets less the present value of the defined benefit obligation.

   The fair value measurements, which are grouped into Levels 1 to 3 based on the degree to which the fair value measurement inputs are observable and based on the significance of the inputs to the fair value measurement in its entirety, are described as follows:

   1. Level 1 inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;

   2. Level 2 inputs are inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for an asset or liability, either directly (i.e., as prices) or indirectly (i.e., derived from prices); and

   3. Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for an asset or liability.

The consolidated financial statements incorporate the financial statements of the Company and the entities controlled by the Company (i.e., its subsidiaries).

Income and expenses of subsidiaries acquired or disposed of during the period are included in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income from the effective dates of acquisitions up to the effective dates of disposals, as appropriate.

When necessary, adjustments are made to the financial statements of subsidiaries to bring their accounting policies into line with those of the Group.

All intra-group transactions, balances, income and expenses are eliminated in full upon consolidation. Total comprehensive income of subsidiaries is attributed to the owners of the Company and to the non-controlling interests even if this results in the non-controlling interests having a deficit balance.

Changes in the Group's ownership interests in subsidiaries that do not result in the Group losing control over the subsidiaries are accounted for as equity transactions. The carrying amounts of the interests of the Group and the non-controlling interests are adjusted to reflect the changes in their relative interests in the subsidiaries. Any difference between the amount by which the non-controlling interests are adjusted and the fair value of the consideration paid or received is recognized directly in equity and attributed to the owners of the Company.

See Note 13 for detailed information on subsidiaries (including percentages of ownership and main businesses).

Acquisitions of businesses are accounted for using the acquisition method. Acquisition-related costs are generally recognized in profit or loss as they are incurred.

Goodwill is measured as the excess of the sum of the consideration transferred, the amount of any non-controlling interests in the acquiree and the fair value of the acquirer's previously held equity interests in the acquiree over the net of the acquisition-date amounts of the identifiable assets acquired and the liabilities assumed.

Non-controlling interests that are present ownership interests and entitle their holders to a proportionate share of the entity's net assets in the event of liquidation may be initially measured either at fair value or at the non-controlling interests' proportionate share of the recognized amounts of the acquiree's identifiable net assets. Other types of non-controlling interests are measured at fair value.

If the initial accounting for a business combination is incomplete by the end of the reporting period in which the combination occurs, the Group reports provisional amounts for the items for which the accounting is incomplete. Those provisional amounts are adjusted retrospectively during the measurement period, or additional assets or liabilities are recognized, to reflect new information obtained about facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date that, if known, would have affected the amounts recognized as of that date.

In preparing the financial statements of each individual entity, transactions in currencies other than the entity's functional currency (i.e., foreign currencies) are recognized at the rates of exchange prevailing at the dates of the transactions.

At the end of each reporting period, monetary items denominated in foreign currencies are retranslated at the rates prevailing at that date. Exchange differences on monetary items arising from settlement or translation are recognized in profit or loss in the period in which they arise except for exchange differences on monetary items receivable from or payable to a foreign operation for which settlement is neither planned nor likely to occur (therefore forming part of the net investment in the foreign operation), which are recognized initially in other comprehensive income and reclassified from equity to profit or loss on disposal of the net investment.

Non-monetary items denominated in foreign currencies that are measured at fair value are retranslated at the rates prevailing at the date when the fair value was determined. Exchange differences arising from the retranslation of non-monetary items are included in profit or loss for the period except for exchange differences arising from the retranslation of non-monetary items in respect of which gains and losses are recognized directly in other comprehensive income; in which cases, the exchange differences are also recognized directly in other comprehensive income.

Non-monetary item denominated in a foreign currency and measured at historical cost is stated at the reporting currency as originally translated from the foreign currency.

For the purpose of presenting consolidated financial statements, the financial statements of the Company's foreign operations (including subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures in other countries) that are prepared using functional currencies which are different from the currency of the Company are translated into the presentation currency, the New Taiwan dollar, as follows: Assets and liabilities are translated at the exchange rates prevailing at the end of the reporting period; and income and expense items are translated at the rate of the transaction date or average exchange rates for the period. The resulting currency translation differences are recognized in other comprehensive income (attributed to the owners of the Company and non-controlling interests as appropriate).

On the disposal of a foreign operation (i.e., a disposal of the Company's entire interest in a foreign operation, or a disposal involving the loss of control over a subsidiary that includes a foreign operation, or a partial disposal of an interest in an associate that includes a foreign operation of which the retained interest becomes a financial asset), all of the exchange differences accumulated in equity in respect of that operation attributable to the owners of the Company are reclassified to profit or loss.

In a partial disposal of a subsidiary that does not result in the Company losing control over the subsidiary, the proportionate share of accumulated exchange differences is re-attributed to the non-controlling interests of the subsidiary and is not recognized in profit or loss. For all other partial disposals, the proportionate share of the accumulated exchange differences recognized in other comprehensive income is reclassified to profit or loss.

An associate is an entity over which the Group has significant influence and which is neither a subsidiary nor an interest in a joint venture. A joint venture is a joint arrangement whereby the Group and other parties that have joint control of the arrangement have rights to the net assets of the arrangement.

The Group uses the equity method to account for its investments in associates and joint ventures.

Under the equity method, investments in an associate and a joint venture are initially recognized at cost and adjusted thereafter to recognize the Group's share of the profit or loss and other comprehensive income of the associate and joint venture. The Group also recognizes the changes in the Group's share of the equity of associates and joint ventures.

Any excess of the cost of acquisition over the Group's share of the net fair value of the identifiable assets and liabilities of an associate and a joint venture at the date of acquisition is recognized as goodwill, which is included within the carrying amount of the investment and is not amortized. Any excess of the Group's share of the net fair value of the identifiable assets and liabilities over the cost of acquisition, after reassessment, is recognized immediately in profit or loss.

When the Group subscribes for additional new shares of an associate and a joint venture at a percentage different from its existing ownership percentage, the resulting carrying amount of the investment differs from the amount of the Group's proportionate interest in the associate and joint venture. The Group records such a difference as an adjustment to investments with the corresponding amount charged or credited to capital surplus - changes in capital surplus from investments in associates and joint ventures accounted for using the equity method. If the Group's ownership interest is reduced due to its additional subscription of the new shares of the associate and joint venture, the proportionate amount of the gains or losses previously recognized in other comprehensive income in relation to that associate and joint venture is reclassified to profit or loss on the same basis as would be required had the investee directly disposed of the related assets or liabilities. When the adjustment should be debited to capital surplus, but the capital surplus recognized from investments accounted for using the equity method is insufficient, the shortage is debited to retained earnings.

When the Group's share of losses of an associate and a joint venture equals or exceeds its interest in that associate and joint venture (which includes any carrying amount of the investment accounted for using the equity method and long-term interests that, in substance, form part of the Group's net investment in the associate and joint venture), the Group discontinues recognizing its share of further loss, if any. Additional losses and liabilities are recognized only to the extent that the Group has incurred legal obligations, or constructive obligations, or made payments on behalf of that associate and joint venture.

The entire carrying amount of an investment (including goodwill) is tested for impairment as a single asset by comparing its recoverable amount with its carrying amount. Any impairment loss recognized is not allocated to any asset, including goodwill, that forms part of the carrying amount of the investment. Any reversal of that impairment loss is recognized to the extent that the recoverable amount of the investment subsequently increases.

The Group discontinues the use of the equity method from the date on which its investment ceases to be an associate and a joint venture. Any retained investment is measured at fair value at that date, and the fair value is regarded as the investment's fair value on initial recognition as a financial asset. The difference between the previous carrying amount of the associate and joint venture attributable to the retained interest and its fair value is included in the determination of the gain or loss on disposal of the associate and joint venture. The Group accounts for all amounts previously recognized in other comprehensive income in relation to that associate and joint venture on the same basis as would be required had that associate directly disposed of the related assets or liabilities. If an investment in an associate becomes an investment in a joint venture or an investment in a joint venture becomes an investment in an associate, the Group continues to apply the equity method and does not remeasure the retained interest.

When the Group transacts with its associate and joint venture, profits and losses resulting from the transactions with the associate and joint venture are recognized in the Group's consolidated financial statements only to the extent of interests in the associate and joint venture that are not related to the Group.

Property and equipment are initially measured at cost and subsequently measured at cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment loss.

Property and equipment in the course of construction are measured at cost less any recognized impairment loss. Cost includes professional fees and borrowing costs eligible for capitalization. Before that asset reaches its intended use are measured at the lower of cost or net realizable value, and any proceeds from selling those and the cost of those are recognized in profit or loss. Such assets are depreciated and classified to the appropriate categories of property and equipment when completed and ready for their intended use.

Except for freehold land, depreciation of property and equipment is recognized using the straight-line method. Each significant part is depreciated separately. The estimated useful lives, residual values and depreciation methods are reviewed at the end of each reporting period, with the effects of any changes in the estimates accounted for on a prospective basis.

On derecognition of an item of property and equipment, the difference between the sales proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset is recognized in profit or loss.

Investment properties are properties held to earn rentals and/or for capital appreciation. Investment properties include right-of-use assets and properties under construction that meet the definition of investment properties. Investment properties also include land held for a currently undetermined future use.

Freehold investment properties and investment properties acquired through leases are measured initially at cost, including transaction costs. All investment properties are subsequently measured using the fair value model. Changes in the fair value of investment properties are included in profit or loss for the period in which they arise.

Investment properties under construction, of which the fair value is not reliably measurable, are measured at cost less accumulated impairment loss until such time as either the fair value becomes reliably measurable or construction is completed (whichever comes earlier).

The Group transfers properties to or from investment properties according to the actual use of the properties.

For a transfer of classification from investment properties to property and equipment, the deemed cost of the property for subsequent accounting is its fair value at the commencement of owner-occupation. For a transfer of classification from property and equipment to investment properties at the end of owner-occupation or based on the actual usage, any difference between the fair value of the property at the transfer date and its previous carrying amount is recognized in other comprehensive income and accumulated in gain on property revaluation under other equity that will be transferred directly to retained earnings when the asset is derecognized.

On derecognition of an investment property, the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset is included in profit or loss.

Goodwill arising from the acquisition of a business is measured at cost as established at the date of acquisition of the business less accumulated impairment loss.

For the purposes of impairment testing, goodwill is allocated to each of the Group's cash-generating units or groups of cash-generating units (referred to as "cash-generating units") that is expected to benefit from the synergies of the combination.

A cash-generating unit to which goodwill has been allocated is tested for impairment annually or more frequently when there is an indication that the unit may be impaired, by comparing its carrying amount, including the attributed goodwill, with its recoverable amount. However, if the goodwill allocated to a cash-generating unit was acquired in a business combination during the current annual period, that unit shall be tested for impairment before the end of the current annual period. If the recoverable amount of the cash-generating unit is less than its carrying amount, the impairment loss is allocated first to reduce the carrying amount of any goodwill allocated to the unit and then pro rata to the other assets of the unit based on the carrying amount of each asset in the unit. Any impairment loss is recognized directly in profit or loss. Any impairment loss recognized for goodwill is not reversed in subsequent periods.

If goodwill has been allocated to a cash-generating unit and the entity disposes of an operation within that unit, the goodwill associated with the operation which is disposed of is included in the carrying amount of the operation when determining the gain or loss on disposal and is measured on the basis of the relative values of the operation disposed of and the portion of the cash-generating unit retained.

1. Intangible assets acquired separately

   Intangible assets with finite useful lives that are acquired separately are initially measured at cost and subsequently measured at cost less accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment loss. Amortization is recognized on a straight-line basis. The estimated useful lives, residual values, and amortization methods are reviewed at the end of each reporting period, with the effect of any changes in the estimates accounted for on a prospective basis. Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives that are acquired separately are measured at cost less accumulated impairment loss.

2. Intangible assets acquired in a business combination

   Intangible assets acquired in a business combination and recognized separately from goodwill are initially recognized at their fair value at the acquisition date. Subsequent to initial recognition, they are measured on the same basis as intangible assets that are acquired separately.

3. Derecognition of intangible assets

On derecognition of an intangible asset, the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset is recognized in profit or loss.

At the end of each reporting period, the Group reviews the carrying amounts of its property and equipment, right-of-use assets and intangible assets, excluding goodwill, to determine whether there is any indication that those assets have suffered any impairment loss. If any such indication exists, the recoverable amount of the asset is estimated in order to determine the extent of the impairment loss. When it is not possible to estimate the recoverable amount of an individual asset, the Group estimates the recoverable amount of the cash-generating unit to which the asset belongs. Corporate assets are allocated to the individual cash-generating units or the smallest group of cash-generating units on a reasonable and consistent basis of allocation.

Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives and not yet available for use are tested for impairment at least annually and whenever there is an indication that the assets may be impaired.

The recoverable amount is the higher of fair value less costs to sell and value in use. If the recoverable amount of an asset or cash-generating unit is estimated to be less than its carrying amount, the carrying amount of the asset or cash-generating unit is reduced to its recoverable amount, with the resulting impairment loss recognized in profit or loss.

When an impairment loss is subsequently reversed, the carrying amount of the corresponding asset or cash-generating unit is increased to the revised estimate of its recoverable amount, but only to the extent of the carrying amount that would have been determined had no impairment loss been recognized for the asset or cash-generating unit in prior years. A reversal of an impairment loss is recognized in profit or loss.

Financial assets and financial liabilities are recognized when the Group becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instruments.

Transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition or issuance of financial assets and financial liabilities (other than financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss ("FVTPL")) are added to the fair value of the financial assets or financial liabilities, as appropriate, on initial recognition. Transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of financial assets or financial liabilities at FVTPL are recognized immediately in profit or loss.

1. Financial assets

   All regular way purchases or sales of financial assets are recognized and derecognized on a trade date basis.

   1. Measurement categories

      Financial assets are classified into the following categories: Financial assets at FVTPL, financial assets at amortized cost and investments in debt instruments and equity instruments at fair value through other comprehensive income ("FVTOCI").

      1. Financial assets at FVTPL

         Financial assets are classified as at FVTPL when such financial assets are mandatorily classified or designated as at FVTPL, including investments in equity instruments which are not designated as at FVTOCI and debt instruments that do not meet the amortized cost criteria or the FVTOCI criteria.

         Financial assets at FVTPL are subsequently measured at fair value, with any gains or losses (includes any dividends and interest earned on such financial assets) arising on remeasurement recognized in profit or loss. Fair value is determined in the manner described in Note 38.

         In addition, to reduce the fluctuations in profit or loss as a result of IFRS 9 being applied earlier than IFRS 17, the Group elects to remove profit or loss arising from changes in fair value in subsequent measurement and present it in other comprehensive income based on overlay approach under IFRS 4. Overlay approach is applied to financial assets if all of the following conditions are met:

         1. The financial assets are held in respect of activities related to IFRS 4;

         2. The financial assets are measured at FVTPL under IFRS 9, but would not have been measured at FVTPL under IAS 39; and

         3. The financial assets are designated to apply overlay approach at the first application of IFRS 9, in the initial recognition of a new financial asset or when a financial asset starts to meet the conditions.

      2. Financial assets at amortized cost

         Financial assets that meet the following conditions are subsequently measured at amortized cost:

         1. The financial asset is held within a business model whose objective is to hold financial assets in order to collect contractual cash flows; and

         2. The contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

            Subsequent to initial recognition, financial assets at amortized cost are measured at amortized cost, which equals the gross carrying amount determined using the effective interest method less any impairment loss. Exchange differences are recognized in profit or loss.

            Interest income is calculated by applying the effective interest rate to the gross carrying amount of such a financial asset, except for:

            1. Purchased or originated credit-impaired financial assets, for which interest income is calculated by applying the credit-adjusted effective interest rate to the amortized cost of such financial assets; and

            2. Financial assets that are not credit impaired on purchase or origination but have subsequently become credit impaired, for which interest income is calculated by applying the effective interest rate to the amortized cost of such financial assets in subsequent reporting periods.

            A financial asset is credit impaired when one or more of the following events have occurred:

            1. Significant financial difficulty of the issuer or the borrower;

            2. Breach of contract, such as a default;

            3. It is becoming probable that the borrower will enter bankruptcy or undergo a financial reorganization; or

            4. The disappearance of an active market for that financial asset because of financial difficulties.

            Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, cash in banks and time deposits or investments which are highly liquid, readily convertible to a known amount of cash and are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value. Time deposits with maturities within 12 months, which are readily convertible to a known amount of cash and subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value are classified as cash equivalents.

            Bank balances used by the Group that are subject to third-party contractual restrictions are included as part of cash unless the restrictions result in a bank balance that no longer meets the definition of cash.

      3. Investments in debt instruments at FVTOCI

         Debt instruments that meet both the following conditions are subsequently measured at FVTOCI:

         1. The debt instrument is held within a business model whose objective is achieved by both the collecting of contractual cash flows and the selling of such financial assets; and

         2. The contractual terms of the debt instrument give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

            Investments in debt instruments at FVTOCI are subsequently measured at fair value. Changes in the carrying amounts of these debt instruments relating to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, interest income calculated using the effective interest method and impairment losses or reversals are recognized in profit or loss. Other changes in the carrying amount of these debt instruments are recognized in other comprehensive income and will be reclassified to profit or loss when the investment is disposed of.

      4. Investments in equity instruments at FVTOCI

         On initial recognition, the Group may make an irrevocable election to designate investments in equity instruments as at FVTOCI. Designation as at FVTOCI is not permitted if the equity investment is held for trading or if it is contingent consideration recognized by an acquirer in a business combination.

         Investments in equity instruments at FVTOCI are subsequently measured at fair value with gains and losses arising from changes in fair value recognized in other comprehensive income and accumulated in other equity. The cumulative gain or loss will not be reclassified to profit or loss on disposal of the equity investments; instead, it will be transferred to retained earnings.

         Dividends on these investments in equity instruments are recognized in profit or loss when the Group's right to receive the dividends is established, unless the dividends clearly represent a recovery of part of the cost of the investment.

   2. Impairment of financial assets

      The Group recognizes a loss allowance for expected credit losses (ECLs) on financial assets at amortized cost (including receivables and loans) and investments in debt instruments that are measured at FVTOCI.

      The Group always recognizes lifetime ECLs for receivables. For all other financial instruments, the Group recognizes lifetime ECLs when there has been a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition. If, on the other hand, the credit risk on a financial instrument has not increased significantly since initial recognition, the Group measures the loss allowance for that financial instrument at an amount equal to 12-month ECLs.

      ECLs reflect the weighted average of credit losses with the respective risks of default occurring as the weights. Lifetime ECLs represent the expected credit losses that will result from all possible default events over the expected life of a financial instrument. In contrast, 12-month ECLs represent the portion of lifetime ECLs that is expected to result from default events on a financial instrument that are possible within 12 months after the reporting date.

      The Group uses the total carrying amount of financial assets at amortized cost (including receivables and loans), investments in debt instruments at FVTOCI, and off balance sheet commitments to measure the amount of exposure at default (EAD).

      The Group recognizes impairment loss of all financial instruments with a corresponding adjustment to their carrying amounts through a loss allowance account, except for investments in debt instruments that are measured at FVTOCI, for which the loss allowance is recognized in other comprehensive income and the carrying amounts of such financial assets are not reduced.

      In addition, in accordance with the Regulations Governing the Procedures for Insurance Enterprises to Evaluate Assets and Deal with Non-performing/Non-accrual Loans, Cathay Life and Cathay Century classify their credit assets as normal ("First Category"), assets that require special attention ("Second Category"), assets that are substandard ("Third Category"), assets that are doubtful ("Fourth Category") and assets for which there is loss ("Fifth Category") based on the borrower's financial conditions and the delay for payment of principal and interests as well as the status of the loan collaterals and the length of time overdue. The minimum amounts of allowance for bad debts are based upon each of the following categories:

      1. The sum of 0.5% of the First Category loan assets excluding life insurance policy loans, premium loans and loans to government agencies, 2% of the Second Category of loan assets, 10% of the Third Category of loan assets, as well as 50% and 100% of the Fourth and Fifth category loan assets.

      2. 1% of the sum of all five categories of loan assets excluding life insurance policy loans, premium loans and loans to government agencies.

      3. Total unsecured portion of non-performing loans and non-accrual loans.

         Besides, pursuant to Jin Guan Bao Tsai No. 10402506096, Cathay Life and Cathay Century shall keep the ratio of the allowance for bad debt over the loans at 1.5% or above to strengthen their ability against loss exposure to specific loan assets.

         According to the Regulations Governing the Procedures for Banking Institutions to Evaluate Assets and Deal with Non-performing/Non-accrual Loans, Cathay United Bank assesses the customers' financial position, the overdue payments of the principal and interest and the value of collaterals to classify credit assets into normal credit assets (excluding loans to the R.O.C. government) and unsound assets which should be further classified by special mention, substandard, doubtful and losses, for which minimum provisions of 1%, 2%, 10%, 50% and 100% of the outstanding balance, respectively. Furthermore, the FSC stipulates that banks should recognize the provision by at least 1.5% of normal credit assets in the mainland China (including short-term advances for trade finance) and loans for the mortgage and construction loans that have been classified as normal assets, and further determine the allowance for losses based on the higher of the above-mentioned provision and the assessment of the expected credit losses.

         Cathay United Bank and its subsidiaries write off credits deemed uncollectable after the write-off is proposed and approved by the board of directors. Recoveries of credits written off are recognized as a reversal of loss provision in current period.

   3. Derecognition of financial assets

      The Group derecognizes a financial asset only when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the asset expire or when it transfers the financial asset and substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the asset to another party.

      On derecognition of a financial asset at amortized cost in its entirety, the difference between the asset's carrying amount and the sum of the consideration received and receivable is recognized in profit or loss. On derecognition of an investment in a debt instrument at FVTOCI, the difference between the asset's carrying amount and the sum of the consideration received and receivable and the cumulative gain or loss which had been recognized in other comprehensive income is recognized in profit or loss. However, on derecognition of an investment in an equity instrument at FVTOCI, the difference between the asset's carrying amount and the sum of the consideration received and receivable is recognized in profit or loss, and the cumulative gain or loss which had been recognized in other comprehensive income is transferred directly to retained earnings, without recycling through profit or loss.

   4. Offsetting of financial instruments

      Financial assets and financial liabilities are offset and presented in net in the consolidated balance sheet only if there is a currently enforceable legal right to offset the recognized amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis, or to realize the assets and settle the liabilities simultaneously.

2. Equity instruments

   Debt and equity instruments issued by the Group are classified as either financial liabilities or as equity in accordance with the substance of the contractual arrangements and the definitions of a financial liability and an equity instrument.

   Equity instruments issued by the Group are recognized at the proceeds received, net of direct issue costs.

   The repurchase of the Company's own equity instruments is recognized in and deducted directly from equity, and its carrying amounts are calculated based on weighted average by share type and calculated separately by repurchase category. No gain or loss is recognized in profit or loss on the purchase, sale, issuance or cancellation of the Company's own equity instruments.

3. Financial liabilities

   1. Subsequent measurement

      Except for the following situations, all financial liabilities are measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method:

      Financial liabilities at FVTPL

      Financial liabilities are classified as at FVTPL when such financial liabilities are either held for trading or designated as at FVTPL.

      Financial liabilities held for trading are stated at fair value, with any gain or loss arising on remeasurement (excluding any interest paid on such financial liabilities) recognized in profit or loss.

      A financial liability may upon initial recognition be designated as at FVTPL only in one of the following circumstances:

      1. Such designation eliminates or significantly reduces a measurement or recognition mismatch that would otherwise arise; or

      2. The financial liability forms part of a group of financial assets or financial liabilities or both, which is managed and has performance evaluated on a fair value basis, in accordance with the Company's documented risk management or investment strategy, and information about the grouping is provided internally on that basis; or

      3. The contract contains one or more embedded derivatives so that the entire combined contract (asset or liability) can be designated as at FVTPL.

         For a financial liability designated as at FVTPL, the amount of changes in fair value attributable to changes in the credit risk of the liability is presented in other comprehensive income and will not be subsequently reclassified to profit or loss. The remaining amount of changes in the fair value of that liability which incorporates any interest paid on such financial liability is presented in profit or loss. The gain or loss accumulated in other comprehensive income will be transferred to retained earnings when the financial liability is derecognized. If this accounting treatment related to credit risk would create or enlarge an accounting mismatch, all changes in fair value of the liability are presented in profit or loss.

         Fair value is determined in the manner described in Note 38. Financial guarantee contracts

         Financial guarantee contracts issued by the Group, if not designated as at FVTPL, are subsequently measured at the higher of the amount of the loss allowance reflecting expected credit losses and the amount after amortization.

   2. Derecognition of financial liabilities

      The difference between the carrying amount of a financial liability derecognized and the consideration paid, including any non-cash assets transferred or liabilities assumed, is recognized in profit or loss.

4. Derivative financial instruments

   The Group enters into a variety of derivative financial instruments to manage its exposure to interest rate and foreign exchange rate risks, including foreign exchange forward contracts, interest rate swaps, cross currency swaps and options.

   Derivatives are initially recognized at fair value at the date on which the derivative contracts are entered into and are subsequently remeasured to their fair value at the end of each reporting period. The resulting gain or loss is recognized in profit or loss immediately unless the derivative is designated and effective as a hedging instrument; in which event, the timing of the recognition in profit or loss depends on the nature of the hedging relationship. When the fair value of a derivative financial instrument is positive, the derivative is recognized as a financial asset; when the fair value of a derivative financial instrument is negative, the derivative is recognized as a financial liability.

   Derivatives embedded in hybrid contracts that contain financial asset hosts that is within the scope of IFRS 9 "Financial Instruments" are not separated; instead, the classification is determined in accordance with the entire hybrid contract. Derivatives embedded in non-derivative host contracts that are not financial assets within the scope of IFRS 9 "Financial Instruments" are treated as separate derivatives when they meet the definition of a derivative; their risks and characteristics are not closely related to those of the host contracts; and the host contracts are not measured at FVTPL.

5. Modification of financial instruments

When the contractual cash flows of a financial instrument are renegotiated or modified, the Group assesses whether the modification will result in derecognition. If modification of a financial instrument results in derecognition, it is accounted for as derecognition of financial assets or liabilities. If the modification does not result in derecognition, the Group recalculates the gross carrying amount of the financial asset or the amortized cost of the financial liability based on the modified cash flows discounted at the original effective interest rate with any modification gain or loss recognized in profit or loss. The cost incurred is adjusted to the carrying amount of the modified financial asset or financial liability and amortized over the modified remaining period.

The Group designates certain hedging instruments, which include derivatives, as either fair value hedges or cash flow hedges.

1. Fair value hedges

   Gains or losses on derivatives that are designated and qualified as fair value hedges are recognized in profit or loss immediately, together with any changes in the fair value of the hedged asset or liability that are attributable to the hedged risk. The changes in the fair value of the hedging instrument and the changes in the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk are recognized in profit or loss in the line item relating to the hedged item.

   The Group discontinues hedge accounting only when the hedging relationship ceases to meet the qualifying criteria; for instance, when the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated or exercised.

2. Cash flow hedges

The effective portion of gains or losses on derivatives that are designated and qualify as cash flow hedges is recognized in other comprehensive income. The gains or losses relating to the ineffective portion are recognized immediately in profit or loss.

The associated gains or losses that were recognized in other comprehensive income are reclassified from equity to profit or loss as reclassification adjustments in the line items relating to the related hedged item in the same period in which the hedged item affects profit or loss. If a hedge of a forecasted transaction subsequently results in the recognition of a non-financial asset or a non-financial liability, the associated gains and losses that were recognized in other comprehensive income are removed from equity and included in the initial cost of the non-financial asset or non-financial liability.

The Group discontinues hedge accounting only when the hedging relationship ceases to meet the qualifying criteria; for instance, when the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated or exercised. The cumulative gain or loss on the hedging instrument that was previously recognized in other comprehensive income (from the period in which the hedge was effective) remains separately in equity until the forecasted transaction occurs. When a forecasted transaction is no longer expected to occur, the gains or losses accumulated in equity are recognized immediately in profit or loss.

Notes and bonds purchased under resale agreements and securities sold under repurchase agreements are generally treated as collateralized financing transactions. Interest earned on resale agreements or interest incurred on repurchase agreements is recognized as interest revenue or interest expense over the life of each agreement.

The Group sells separate account insurance products. The insurance premiums according to agreed terms paid by proposers, net of the expenses incurred by the insurer, are invested in separate accounts at allocation agreed with or directed by the proposers. The separate account assets is measured at fair value on the valuation date and in compliance with the relevant regulations and Template of Accounting Systems for Life Insurance Enterprises.