Quarter 2 - financial statement for 2025

a Statement of Compliance

These financial statements of the Bank are general purpose financial statements which have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). Additional information required by the provisions of the Companies and Allied Matters Act 2020, the Banks and Other Financial Institutions Act 2020, the Financial Reporting Council of Nigeria ("FRCN") Act No. 6, 2011 and relevant Central Bank of Nigeria circulars, is included where appropriate.

b Basis of Measurement

The financial statements have been prepared on the historical cost basis except for equity instruments which are carried at fair value.

c Use of Estimates and Judgments

The preparation of the financial statements in conformity with IFRSs requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the

application of accounting policies and the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, income and expenses. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

Estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognized in the period in which the estimate is revised and in any future periods affected.

Changes in accounting policies and disclosures

The accounting policies adopted in the preparation of the financial statements are consistent with those followed in the preparation of the Bank's annual financial statements for the year ended 31 December 2024. The Bank has not early adopted any other standard, interpretation or amendment that has been issued but is not yet effective.

1. Standards, amendments and interpretations effective during the reporting period

   1. IFRS 17, Insurance Contracts

      IFRS 17 was issued by the IASB in 2017 and replaces IFRS 4 for annual reporting period beginning on or after 1 January 2025.

      IFRS 17 introduces an internationally consistent approach to the accounting for insurance contracts. Prior to IFRS 17, significant diversity has existed worldwide relating to the accounting for and disclosure of insurance contracts, with IFRS 4 permitting many previous accounting approaches to be followed.

      Since IFRS 17 applies to all insurance contracts issued by an entity (with limited scope exclusions), its adoption may have an effect on non-insurers. The Company carried out an assessment of its contracts and operations and concluded that the adoption of IFRS 17 has had no effect on the financial statements of the Bank.

   2. Definition of Accounting Estimates (Amendments to IAS 8 Accounting policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors)

      The amendments to IAS 8, which added the definition of accounting estimates, clarify that the effects of a change in an input or measurement technique are changes in accounting estimates, unless resulting from the correction of prior period errors. These amendments clarify how entities make the distinction between changes in accounting estimate, changes in accounting policy and prior period errors.

      These amendments had no effect on the financial statements of the Bank.

   3. Deferred Tax related to Assets and Liabilities arising from a Single Transaction (Amendments to IAS 12 Income Taxes)

      In May 2021, the IASB issued amendments to IAS 12, which clarify whether the initial recognition exemption applies to certain transactions that result in both an asset and a liability being recognised simultaneously (e.g. a lease in the scope of IFRS 16). The amendments introduce an additional criterion for the initial recognition exemption, whereby the exemption does not apply to the initial recognition of an asset or liability which at the time of the transaction, gives rise to equal taxable and deductible temporary differences.

      These amendments had no effect on the financial statements of the Bank.

   4. Disclosure of Accounting Policies (Amendments to IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements and IFRS Practice Statement 2 Making Materiality Judgements)

      The amendments aim to make accounting policy disclosures more informative by replacing the requirement to disclose 'significant accounting policies' with 'material accounting policy information'. The amendments also provide guidance under what circumstance, the accounting policy information is likely to be considered material and therefore requiring disclosure.

      These amendments have no effect on the measurement or presentation of any items in the financial statements of the bank, but affects the disclosure of accounting policies.

   5. International Tax Reform - Pillar Two Model Rules (Amendment to IAS 12 Income Taxes)

      In December 2021, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) released a draft legislative framework for a global minimum tax that is expected to be used by individual jurisdictions. The goal of the framework is to reduce the shifting of profit from one jurisdiction to another in order to reduce global tax obligations in corporate structures. In March 2022, the OECD released detailed technical guidance on Pillar Two of the rules.

      Stakeholders raised concerns with the IASB about the potential implications on income tax accounting, especially accounting for deferred taxes, arising from the

      Pillar Two model rules. The IASB issued the final Amendments (the Amendments) International Tax Reform - Pillar Two

      Model Rules, in response to stakeholder concerns on 23 May 2023.

      The Amendments introduce a mandatory exception to entities from the recognition and disclosure of information about deferred tax assets and liabilities related to Pillar Two model rules. The exception is effective immediately and retrospectively. The Amendments also provide for additional disclosure requirements with respect to an entity's exposure to Pillar Two income taxes.

      Management has determined that the bank is not within the scope of OECD's Pillar Two Model Rules and the exception to the recognition and disclosure of information about deferred tax assets and liabilities related to Pillar Two income taxes is not applicable to the bank.

Standards issued and effective in 2025

There are a number of standards, amendments to standards, and interpretations which have been issued by the IASB that are effective in future accounting periods that the Group has decided not to adopt early.

The following amendments are effective for the period beginning 1 January 2025:

• Liability in a Sale and Leaseback (Amendments to IFRS 16 Leases);

• Classification of Liabilities as Current or Non-Current (Amendments to IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements);

• Non-current Liabilities with Covenants (Amendments to IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements); and

• Supplier Finance Arrangements (Amendments to IAS 7 Statement of Cash Flows and IFRS 7 Financial Instruments: Disclosures)

  The following ammendments are effective for the period beginning 1 January 2025

• Lack of Exchangeability (Amendments to IAS 21 The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates)

The bank is currently assessing the impact of these new accounting standards and amendments. Management does not expect any other standards issued by the IASB, but are yet to be effective, to have a material impact on the bank.

Significant accounting judgements, estimates and assumptions

Foreign currency transactions

1. Functional and presentation currency

   Items included in the financial statements of the Bank are measured using the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates ("the functional currency").

   The financial statements are presented in Naira, which is the Bank's presentation currency.

2. Transactions and balances

Foreign currency transactions (i.e. transactions denominated, or that require settlement, in a currency other than the functional currency) are translated into the functional currency using the exchange rates prevailing at the dates of the transactions or valuation where items are re-measured.

Monetary items denominated in foreign currency are translated with the closing rate as at the reporting date. Non-monetary items measured at historical cost denominated in a foreign currency are translated with the exchange rate as at the date of initial recognition; non-monetary items in a foreign currency that are measured at fair value are translated using the exchange rates at the date when the fair value was determined.

Foreign exchange gains and losses resulting from the settlement of foreign currency transactions and from the translation at period-end exchange rates of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are recognised in the profit or loss.

Financial assets and liabilities

1. Initial recognition

   All financial assets and liabilities are initially recognized on the trade date, i.e., the date that the Bank becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument. The Bank uses trade date accounting for regular way contracts when recording financial assets transactions.

   A financial asset or financial liability is measured initially at fair value plus or minus, for an item not at fair value through profit or loss, direct and incremental transaction costs that are directly attributable to its acquisition or issue. Transaction costs of financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value through profit or loss are expensed in profit or loss at initial recognition.

   Day 1 profit or loss

   When the transaction price of the instrument differs from the fair value at origination and the fair value is based on a valuation technique using only inputs observable in market transactions, the Bank recognises the difference between the transaction price and fair value in Net gains on financial assets at fair value through profit or loss. In those cases where fair value is based on models for which some of the inputs are not observable, the difference between the transaction price and the fair value is deferred and is only recognised in profit or loss when the inputs become observable, or when the instrument is derecognised.

   Amortised cost and gross carrying amount

   The amortised cost of a financial asset or financial liability is the amount at which the financial asset or financial liability is measured on initial recognition minus the principal repayments, plus or minus the cumulative amortisation using the effective interest method of any difference between the initial amount and the maturity amount and, for financial assets, adjusted for any expected credit loss allowance.

   The gross carrying amount of a financial asset is the amortised cost of a financial asset before adjusting for any expected credit loss allowance.

   Effective interest method

   The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash payments or receipts through the expected life of the financial asset or financial liability to the gross carrying amount of a financial asset (i.e. its amortised cost before any impairment allowance) or to the amortised cost of a financial liability. The calculation does not consider expected credit losses and includes transaction costs, premiums or discounts and fees and points paid or received that are integral to the effective interest rate, such as origination fees.

   For purchased or originated credit-impaired (`POCI') financial assets - assets that are credit-impaired at initial recognition - the Bank calculates the credit-adjusted effective interest rate, which is calculated based on the amortised cost of the financial asset instead of its gross carrying amount and incorporates the impact of expected credit losses in estimated future cash flows.

   When the Bank revises the estimates of future cash flows, the carrying amount of the respective financial assets or financial liability is adjusted to reflect the new estimate discounted using the original effective interest rate. Any changes are recognised in profit or loss.

   Interest income and expenses

   Interest income and expenses are recognised in profit or loss using the effective interest method. The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash payments or receipts through the expected life of the financial instrument to:

   • the gross carrying amount of the financial asset; or

   • the amortised cost of the financial liability.

   When calculating the effective interest rate for financial instruments other than credit-impaired financial assets, the Bank estimates future cash flows considering all contractual terms of the financial instrument, but not expected credit losses. For credit-impaired financial assets, a credit-adjusted effective interest rate is calculated using estimated future cash flows including expected credit losses.

   The calculation of the effective interest rate includes transaction costs and fees and points paid or received that are an integral part of the effective interest rate. Transaction costs include incremental costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of a financial asset or financial liability. Recoveries of interest that was previously not recognized needs to be recognized as a gain in the credit loss expense.

2. Financial assets - Classification of financial instruments

   The Bank classifies its financial assets under IFRS 9, into the following measurement categories:

   • those to be measured at fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL) (equity instrument); and

   • those to be measured at amortised cost (debt instrument).

     The classification depends on the Bank's business model (i.e. business model test) for managing financial assets and the contractual terms of the financial assets cash flows (i.e. solely payments of principal and interest - SPPI test). The Bank also classifies its financial liabilities at amortized cost. Management determines the classification of the financial instruments at initial recognition.

3. Financial assets - Subsequent measurement

   1. Debt instruments

      The classification and subsequent measurement of debt instruments depend on the Bank's business model for managing the financial assets and the contractual terms of the cash flows. Based on these factors, the Bank classifies its debt instruments into one of the following measurement categories:

      Amortised cost: Financial assets such as loans and advances that are held within a business model whose objective is collection of contractual cash flows and where such cash flows represent solely payments of principal and interest are measured at amortised cost. A gain or loss due to impairment or upon derecognition of a debt investment that is subsequently measured at amortised cost is recognised in profit or loss. Interest income from these financial assets is included in "Interest income calculated using the effective interest rate method"

      Business Model assessment

      The Bank makes an assessment of the objective of a business model in which an asset is held at a portfolio level because this best reflects the way the business is managed and information is provided to management. The information considered includes:

      • the stated policies and objectives for the portfolio and the operation of those policies in practice. In particular, whether management's strategy focuses on earning contractual interest revenue, maintaining a particular interest rate profile, matching the duration of the financial assets to the duration of the liabilities that are funding those assets or realising cash flows through the sale of the assets;

      • how the performance of the portfolio is evaluated and reported to the Bank's management;

      • the risks that affect the performance of the business model (and the financial assets held within that business model) and how those risks are managed;

      • how managers of the business are compensated - e.g. whether compensation is based on the fair value of the assets managed or the contractual cash flows collected.

      • the frequency, volume and timing of sales in prior periods, the reasons for such sales and its expectations about future sales activity. However, information about sales activity is not considered in isolation, but as part of an overall assessment of how the Bank's stated objective for managing financial assets is achieved and how cash flows are realized.

        Solely payments of principal and interest (SPPI) assessment

        Principal is defined as the fair value of the financial asset on initial recognition. Interest is defined as consideration for the time value of money and for the credit risk associated with the principal amount outstanding during a particular period of time and for other basic lending risks and costs (e.g. liquidity risk and administrative costs), as well as profit margin.

        In assessing whether the contractual cash flows are solely payments of principal and interest, the Bank considers the contractual terms of the instrument. This includes assessing whether the financial asset contains a contractual term that could change the timing or amount of contractual cash flows such that it would not meet this condition. In making the assessment, the Bank considers:

      • contingent events that would change the amount and timing of cash flows;

      • leverage features;

      • prepayment and extension terms;

      • terms that limit the Bank's claim to cash flows from specified assets (e.g. non-recourse asset arrangements); and

      • features that modify consideration of the time value of money - e.g. periodical rate of interest

   2. Equity instruments

   The Bank subsequently measures all its equity investments at fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL). Changes in the fair value of financial assets at fair value through profit or loss are recognised in profit or loss. Dividends from such investments continue to be recognised in profit or loss as other income when the right to receive payments is established. Included in this classification are quoted financial investments.

4. Reclassifications

   The Bank reclassifies financial assets when and only when its business model for managing those assets changes. The reclassification takes place from the start of

   the first reporting period following the change. Such changes are expected to be very infrequent and must be significant to the Bank's operations.

   When reclassification occurs, the Bank reclassifies all affected financial assets in accordance with the new business model. Reclassification is applied prospectively from the 'reclassification date'. Reclassification date is 'the first day of the first reporting period following the change in business model. Gains, losses or interest previously recognised are not restated when reclassification occurs.

   Financial assets are not reclassified subsequent to their initial recognition, except in the period after the Bank changes its business model for managing financial assets that are debt instruments. A change in the objective of the Bank's business occurs only when the Bank either begins or ceases to perform an activity that is significant to its operations (e.g., via acquisition or disposal of a business line).

   The following are not considered to be changes in the business model:

   • A change in intention related to particular financial assets (even in circumstances of significant changes in market conditions)

   • A temporary disappearance of a particular market for financial assets

   • A transfer of financial assets between parts of the entity with different business models

5. Modifications

   If the terms of a financial asset are modified, the Bank evaluates whether the cash flows of the modified asset are substantially different. If the cash flows are substantially different, then the contractual rights to cash flows from the original financial asset are deemed to have expired. In this case, the original financial asset is derecognised and a new financial asset is recognised at fair value. Any difference between the amortized cost and the present value of the estimated future cash flows of the modified asset or consideration received on derecognition is recorded as a separate line item in profit or loss.

   If the cash flows of the modified asset carried at amortised cost are not substantially different, then the modification does not result in derecognition of the financial asset. In this case, the Bank recalculates the gross carrying amount of the financial asset as the present value of the renegotiated or modified contractual cash flows that are discounted at the financial asset's original effective interest rate (or credit-adjusted effective interest rate for purchased or originated credit-impaired financial assets). The amount arising from adjusting the gross carrying amount is recognised in profit or loss.

6. Impairment of financial assets

   Overview of the ECL principles

   The Bank assesses on a forward looking basis the expected credit losses (ECL) associated with its loans and other debt financial assets not held at FVPL. In this section all referred to as 'financial instruments'. The impairment methodology applied depends on whether there has been a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition.

   The measurement of ECL reflects an unbiased and probability-weighted amount that is determined by evaluating a range of possible outcomes, time value of money and reasonable and supportable information that is available without undue cost or effort at the reporting date about past events, current conditions and forecasts of future economic conditions. Equity instruments are not subject to impairment under IFRS 9.

   The ECL allowance is based on the credit losses expected to arise over the life of the asset (the lifetime expected credit loss or LTECL), unless there has been no significant increase in credit risk since origination, in which case, the allowance is based on the 12 months' expected credit loss (12mECL). The 12mECL is the portion of LTECLs that represent the ECLs that result from default events on a financial instrument that are possible within the 12 months after the reporting date.

   Both LTECLs and 12mECLs are calculated on either an individual basis or a collective basis, depending on the nature of the underlying portfolio of financial instruments.

   The Bank has established a policy to perform an assessment, at the end of each reporting period, of whether a financial instrument's credit risk has increased significantly since initial recognition, by considering if it is 30 days past due. Based on the above process, the Bank groups its loans into Stage 1, Stage 2 and Stage 3, as described below:

   • Stage 1: When loans are first recognised, the Bank recognises an allowance based on 12 months expected credit losses (12mECLs). Stage 1 loans also include facilities where the credit risk has improved and the loan has been reclassified from Stage 2.

   • Stage 2: When a loan has shown a significant increase in credit risk since origination, the Bank records an allowance for the lifetime expected credit losses (LTECLs). Stage 2 loans also include facilities, where the credit risk has improved and the loan has been reclassified from Stage 3.

   • Stage 3: These are loans considered as credit-impaired.The Bank records an allowance for the LTECLs.

     POCI: The Bank does not have purchased or originated credit impaired (POCI) assets in its portfolio.

     The calculation of ECLs

     The Bank calculates ECLs based on three economic scenario (base case, best case and worst case) to measure the expected cash shortfalls, discounted at an approximation to the EIR. A cash shortfall is the difference between the cash flows that are due to an entity in accordance with the contract and the cash flows that the entity expects to receive.

     The mechanics of the ECL calculations are outlined below and the key elements are, as

     PD: The Probability of Default is an estimate of the likelihood of default over a given time horizon. A default may only happen at a certain time over the assessed period, if the facility has not been previously derecognised and is still in the portfolio.

     EAD: The Exposure at Default is an estimate of the exposure at a future default date, taking into account expected changes in the exposure after the reporting date, including repayments of principal and interest, whether scheduled by contract or otherwise, expected drawdowns on committed facilities, and accrued interest from missed payments.

     LGD: The Loss Given Default is an estimate of the loss arising in the case where a default occurs at a given time. It is based on the difference between the contractual cash flows due and those that the lender would expect to receive, including from the realisation of any collateral. It is usually expressed as a percentage of the EAD.

     When estimating the ECLs, the Bank considers three economic scenario which are considered to be the upturn economic scenario, downturn economic scenario and base case economic scenario. The assessment also incorporates how defaulted loans are expected to be recovered, including the probability that the loans will cure and the value of collateral or the amount that might be received for selling the asset.

     The maximum period for which the credit losses are determined is the contractual life of a financial instrument unless the Bank has the legal right to call it earlier, with the exception of revolving facilities which could extend beyond the contractual life.

     The mechanics of the ECL method are summarised below:

     Stage 1

   • The 12mECL is calculated as the portion of LTECLs that represent the ECLs that result from default events on a financial instrument that are possible within the 12 months after the reporting date. The Bank calculates the 12mECL allowance based on the expectation of a default occurring in the 12 months following the reporting date.

   • These expected 12-month default probabilities are applied to a forecast EAD and multiplied by the expected LGD and discounted by an approximation to the original EIR.

     Stage 2

   • When a financial instruments has shown a significant increase in credit risk since origination, the Bank records an allowance for the LTECLs. The mechanics are similar to those explained above but PDs and LGDs are estimated over the lifetime of the instrument. The expected cash shortfalls are discounted by an approximation to the original EIR.

     Stage 3

   • For financial instruments considered credit-impaired, the Bank recognises the lifetime expected credit losses for these loans. The method is similar to that for Stage 2 assets, with the PD set at 100%.

     POCI

   • POCI assets are financial assets that are credit impaired on initial recognition. The Bank only recognises the cumulative changes in lifetime ECLs since initial recognition, discounted by the credit-adjusted EIR.

     Collateral valuation

     To mitigate its credit risks on financial assets, the Bank seeks to use collateral, where possible. The collateral comes in various forms, such as cash, securities, letters of credit/guarantees, real estate, receivables, inventories, other non-financial assets and credit enhancements such as netting agreements. Collateral, unless repossessed, is not recorded on the Bank's statement of financial position. However, the fair value of collateral affects the calculation of ECLs. It is generally assessed, at a minimum, at inception and re-assessed on a quarterly basis. However, some collateral, for example, cash or securities relating to margining requirements, is valued daily. Details of the impact of the Bank's various credit enhancements.

     To the extent possible, the Bank uses active market data for valuing financial assets held as collateral. Other financial assets which do not have readily determinable market values are valued using models. Non-financial collateral, such as real estate, is valued based on data provided by third parties such as mortgage brokers, or based on housing price indices.

     Collateral repossessed

     The Bank's policy is to determine whether a repossessed asset can be best used for its internal operations or should be sold. Assets determined to be useful for the internal operations are transferred to their relevant asset category at the lower of their repossessed value or the carrying value of the original secured asset. Assets for which selling is determined to be a better option are transferred to assets held for sale at their fair value (if financial assets) and fair value less cost to sell for non-financial assets at the repossession date in, line with the Bank's policy.

     Write-off

     After a full evaluation of a non-performing exposure, in the event that either one or all of the following conditions apply, such exposure is recommended for write-off (either partially or in full):

   • continued contact with the customer is impossible;

   • recovery cost is expected to be higher than the outstanding debt;

   • amount obtained from realization of credit collateral security leaves a balance of the debt; or

   • it is reasonably determined that no further recovery on the facility is possible.

     All credit facility write-offs require endorsement by the Board Credit and Risk Committee, as defined by the Bank. Credit write-off approval is documented in writing and properly initialed by the Board Credit and Risk Committee. The gross carrying amount of an asset is written off (either fully or partially) to the extent that there is no realistic prospect of recovery. This is generally the case when the Bank determines that the counterparty does not have assets or sources of income that could generate sufficient cashflows to repay the amount subject to write off. However, the financial assets that are subjected to write off could still be subject to enforcement activities in other to comply with the Bank's procedures for recovery of amount due.

     A write-off constitutes a derecognition event. The write-off amount is used to reduce the carrying amount of the financial asset. However, financial assets that are written off could still be subject to enforcement activities in order to comply with the Bank's procedures for recovery of amount due. Whenever amounts are recovered on previously written-off credit exposures, such amount recovered is recognised as income on a cash basis only.

     Forward looking information

     In its ECL models, the Bank relies on a broad range of forward looking information as economic inputs, such as:

   • GDP growth

   • Unemployment rates

   • Inflation rates

   • Foreign exchange rates

   • Market growth rates

   The inputs and models used for calculating ECLs may not always capture all characteristics of the market at the date of the financial statements. To reflect this, qualitative adjustments or overlays are occasionally made as temporary adjustments when such differences are significantly material.

   Derecognition of financial assets

   The Bank derecognises a financial asset when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the financial asset expire, or when it transfers the rights to receive the contractual cash flows on the financial asset in a transaction in which substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset are transferred or in which the Bank neither transfers nor retains substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership and it does not retain control of the financial asset. Any interest in such derecognised financial asset that is created or retained by the Bank is recognised as a separate asset or liability. Impaired debts are derecognised when they are assessed as uncollectible.

   On derecognition of a financial asset, the difference between the carrying amount of the asset (or the carrying amount allocated to the portion of the asset transferred), and consideration received (including any new asset obtained less any new liability assumed) is recognised in profit or loss.

   Offsetting financial instruments

   Financial assets and liabilities are offset and the net amount reported in the statement of financial position only when there is a legally enforceable right to offset the recognised amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis, or to realise the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.

   Summary of significant accounting policies

7. Financial liabilities

Income and expenses

Interest income and expenses are recognised in profit or loss using the effective interest method. The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash payments or receipts through the expected life of the financial instrument to:

• The gross carrying amount of the financial asset; or

• The amortised cost of the financial liability.

  When calculating the effective interest rate for financial instruments other than credit-impaired assets, the Bank estimates future cash flows considering all contractual terms of the financial instrument, but not expected credit losses. For credit-impaired financial assets, a credit-adjusted effective interest rate is calculated using estimated future cash flows including expected credit losses. The EIR (and therefore, the amortised cost of the asset) is calculated by taking into account any discount or premium on acquisition, fees and costs that are an integral part of the EIR. The Bank recognizes interest income using a rate of return that represents the best estimate of a constant rate of return over the expected life of the loan. Hence, it recognises the effect of potentially different interest rates charged at various stages, and other characteristics of the product life cycle (including prepayments, penalty interest and charges).

  If expectations regarding the cash flows on the financial asset are revised for reasons other than credit risk. The adjustment is booked as a positive or negative adjustment to the carrying amount of the asset in the statement of financial position with an increase or reduction in interest income. The adjustment is subsequently amortised through interest income in profit or loss.

  1. Amortised cost and gross carrying amount

     The amortised cost of a financial asset or financial liability is the amount at which the financial asset or financial liability is measured on initial recognition minus the principal repayments, plus or minus the cumulative amortisation using the effective interest method of any difference between the initial amount and the maturity amount and, for financial assets, adjusted for any expected credit loss allowance (or impairment allowance before 1 January 2018). The gross carrying amount of a financial asset is the amortised cost of a financial asset before adjusting for any expected credit loss allowance.

  2. Calculation of interest income and expenses

  The Bank calculates interest income and expense by applying the effective interest rate to the gross carrying amount of the asset (when the asset is not credit-impaired) or to the amortised cost of the liability.

  However, for financial asset that have become credit-impaired subsequent to initial recognition and is, therefore, regarded as 'Stage 3', the Bank calculates interest income by applying the effective interest rate to the net amortised cost of the financial asset. If the financial assets cures and is no longer credit-impaired, then the Bank reverts to calculating interest income on a gross basis.

Fees and commission

Fees and commission income and expense that are integral to the effective interest rate on a financial asset or liability are included in the measurement of the effective interest rate.

Other fees and commission income including account servicing fees, investment management fees, sales commission, placement fees and syndication fees are recognised as the related services are performed. When a loan commitment is not expected to result in the draw down of a loan, the related loan commitment fees are recognised on a straight line basis over the commitment period.

Other fees and commission expense relate mainly to transaction and service fees, which are expensed as the services are received.

Other operating income

Included in other operating income are other income, profit on sale of property and equipment rental income and fair value gain on financial instruments at

FVTPL .

Rental income

Rental income arising from operating leases on properties is accounted for on a straight-line basis over the lease terms and is included in other income in the statement of profit or loss due to its operating nature.

Income tax expense

Income tax expense comprises current and deferred tax. Current tax and deferred tax are recognised in profit or loss except to the extent that it relates to items recognised directly in equity or in other comprehensive income.

Current tax is the expected tax payable or receivable on the taxable income or loss for the year using tax rates enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date and any adjustment to tax payable in respect of previous years.

Deferred tax is recognised in respect of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for taxation purposes.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the year when the asset is realised or the liability is settled, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date.

Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are offset if a legally enforceable right exists to set off current tax assets against current tax liabilities and the deferred taxes relate to the same taxable entity and the same taxation authority.

Valuation of Financial Instruments

The best evidence of fair value is a quoted price in an actively traded market. In the event that the market for a financial instrument is not active, a valuation technique is used. The majority of valuation techniques employ only observable market data and so the reliability of the fair value measurement is high. However, certain financial instruments are valued on the basis of valuation techniques that feature one or more significant market inputs that are unobservable. Valuation techniques that rely to a greater extent on unobservable inputs require a higher level of management judgment to calculate a fair value than those based wholly on observable inputs.

The main assumptions and estimates which management consider when applying a model with valuation techniques are:

• The likelihood and expected timing of future cash flows on the instrument. These cash flows are usually governed by the terms of the instrument, although judgment may be required when the ability of the counterparty to service the instrument in accordance with the contractual terms is in doubt. Future cash flows may be sensitive to changes in market rates;

• Selecting an appropriate discount rate for the instrument. The determination of this is based on the assessment of what a market participant would regard as the appropriate spread of the rate for the instrument over the appropriate rate; and

• Judgment to determine what model to use to calculate fair value in areas where the choice of valuation model is particularly subjective, for example, when valuing complex derivative products.

When applying a model with unobservable inputs, estimates are made to reflect uncertainties in fair values resulting from a lack of market data inputs, for example, as a result of illiquidity in the market. For these instruments, the fair value measurement is less reliable. Inputs into valuations based on unobservable data are inherently uncertain because there is little or no current market data available from which to determine the level at which an arm's length transaction would occur under normal business conditions. However, in most cases there is some market data available on which to base a determination of fair value, for example historical data, and the fair values of most financial instruments are based on some market observable inputs even when unobservable inputs are significant.

Given the uncertainty and subjective nature of valuing financial instruments at fair value, it is possible that the outcomes in the next financial year could differ from the assumptions used, and this could result in a material adjustment to the carrying amount of financial instruments measured at fair value.

Fair value measurement

The Bank measures financial instruments, such as, quoted equities, at fair value at each reporting date. Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value measurement is based on the presumption that the transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability takes place either:

. In the principal market for the asset or liability, or

. In the absence of a principal market, in the most advantageous market for the asset or liability

The principal or the most advantageous market must be accessible to the Bank. The fair value of an asset or a liability is measured using the assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability, assuming that market participants act in their economic best interest. A fair value measurement of a non-financial asset takes into account a market participant's ability to generate economic benefits by using the asset in its highest and best use or by selling it to another market participant that would use the asset in its highest and best use.

The Bank uses valuation techniques that are appropriate in the circumstances and for which sufficient data are available to measure fair value, maximising the use of relevant observable inputs and minimising the use of unobservable inputs.

Cash and cash equivalents

For the statement of cash flows presentation purposes, cash and cash equivalents includes cash on hand, deposits held at call with other financial institutions, other short-term, highly liquid investments with original terms to maturity of three months or less that are readily convertible to cash and which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value. Restricted cash are not part of cash and cash equivalents.

Property and equipment